Worldwide, virus infections in grapevines are of concern due to the potential for economic loss. Although the grape industry in Mexico is relatively small and focused mainly on the local market, production dates back to the time of the Spanish colonization. This manuscript discusses the findings on grapevine viruses in Mexico. Nine viruses have been identified in the last fifty years, including grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), and grapevine virus A (GVA). Important information is provided about these viruses and viral pathogens that have not yet been reported in Mexico, but represent an ongoing threat to plant health and grapevine production in other viticultural regions of the world. Strategies for virus control in vineyards are described. The information discussed here should be shared with growers and stakeholders to prevent future negative impacts on the Mexican grapevine industry and to save ancient grapevine accessions.
Tomato is the most economically important vegetable crop worldwide and the second most important for Mexico. However, viral diseases are among the main limiting factors that affect the productivity of this crop, causing total losses in some cases. This review provides key information and findings on the symptoms, distribution, transmission, detection, and management of diseases caused by viruses of major importance in tomato crops in Mexico. Currently, about 25 viruses belonging to nine different families have been reported infecting tomato in Mexico, but not all of them cause economically significant diseases. Viruses of economic importance include tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), and tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV). The topics discussed here will provide updated information about the status of these plant viruses in Mexico as well as diverse management strategies that can be implemented according to the specific circumstances of each viral pathosystem. Additionally, a list of tomato-affecting viruses not present in Mexico that are continuous threats to the crop health is included.
Biohydrometallurgy has been defined as a collection of techniques that involve the use of microbial metabolisms, such as the bacterium Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, for the extraction of metals. Therefore, in the current study, we tested the potential of a pure culture of A. Thiooxidans in the removal of zinc and iron from galvanized waste of the automotive industry. Starkey medium was employed and was added 0.5% w/v of solid sample, and incubation took place at 30°C, and 180 rpm for 7 days. The experiment showed a biological removal of 100% of Fe and Zn after 72 hours, as shown with the measurements taken using inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometer (ICP-OES). Additionally, an increase of the concentration of sulphates is reported alongside the process. The present study thus suggests that a fast, efficient, and low energy biological process for the recovery of these metals coming from galvanized steel waste is possible.
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