Introduction Normative comprehensive echocardiographic measurements data for healthy Indians are not available while data for American and European population is available from American Society of echocardiography and European Society of Cardiology/European Association of Cardio-Vascular Imaging and their publications. Available studies of Indian subjects are small and report only limited measurements with focus on left ventricular (LV) volumes. Objective We aim to provide comprehensive normative echocardiographic data for healthy Indians from a large sample size. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional single-center study of 707 healthy Indian adults age and sex segregated which presented detailed and comprehensive echocardiographic measurements including two-dimensional, M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging, speckle tracking echocardiography, chamber volumes, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS), segmental longitudinal strain and effort tolerance. Results Our findings show healthy Indians, as compared to US and European population, to have higher relative wall thickness. LV volumes, LV mass, LVEF and effort tolerance that were within American Society of Echocardiography described ranges for chamber quantification. Higher GLS values were observed in Indian population compared to European and American population. Women had higher LVEF and GLS values as compared to men and both showed a gradual decline with aging. Conclusion We present normal reference values for echocardiographic measurements in healthy Indian population, which could be used for future reference and comparison work.
Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, right heart failure, and reduced survival. PH can be PH without left ventricular (LV) dysfunction – pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) - (Dana point Class I) and PH with LV dysfunction – pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) - (Dana point Class II). Whatever the underlying cardiac disease, the presence of PH in patients with heart failure is associated with poor prognosis. Right ventricular dysfunction by ventricular interdependence can cause LV dysfunction. Objective: We aim to provide a distinction between PAH and PVH by echocardiography. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional single-center data of 1075 subjects having PH as defined by echocardiography was collected. These were segregated into mild, moderate, and severe categories. The same cohort of PH subjects was also segregated by E/e’ derived pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) values. Echocardiographic measurements and effort tolerance in Mets were analyzed. Data for 707 normal subjects were taken from an earlier published study on normative echocardiographic measurements of healthy Indians. Results: Our findings show that PAH and PVH can be distinguished using PCWP value >15 mmHg obtained by applying Nagueh’s formulaon E/e’. Conclusion: We recommend that PCWP derived from E/e’ should be reported with pulmonary artery systolic pressure measurement to distinguish between PAH and PVH.
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