Background/objective: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of women aged 18-45 years. Method: 2494 women of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. Participants were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida. Results: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband's extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with STI. Husband's discharge was strongly associated with STI, and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both STI and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. Conclusions: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged women were likely to be infected by their husbands.

Aim: The present research work was undertaken to study the patholomorphogical changes induced by repeated doses of aceclofenac.Materials and Methods: 100 BV-300 day old layer chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups and treated with aceclofenac at the dose rate of 0, 10, 20 and 30 ppm orally through feed for 21 consecutive days. Results:The abnormal behavioral clinical signs like dullness, lethargy, lameness, anorexia, feather plucking and uneven growth were noticed only in chicks of treatment groups III and IV with varied severity. Maximum mortality was observed in group IV (16%) followed by group III (4%). A dose dependent reduction in body weight was found in all the treatment groups. Grossly, on surface of visceral organs white chalky urate deposits of varying degree were observed in chicks which died during experiment from treatment groups III and IV. Histopathologically, the lesions were characterized by congestion, degeneration, haemorrhage and deposition of uric acid crystals. Kidney was the main target organ affected. Conclusion:The present study indicates that aceclofenac is hepatotoxic as well as nephrotoxic which causes visceral gout in layer chicks.

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A study was carried out on 1764 test day records of Deoni cattle breed located in cattle breeding

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