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Background and aim The pandemic COVID-19 occurring due to novel emerging coronavirus-2019 (SARS-CoV-2) is severely affecting the worldwide public health, culture, economy and human social behaviour. Till date, there is no approved medicine/treatment to cure COVID-19, whereas, vaccine development efforts are going on high priority. This review aimed to provide an overview of prior art, recent advances, vaccine designing strategies, current scenario, opportunities and challenges related to development of coronavirus vaccine. Method A literature survey was conducted using Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar with the search key as: coronavirus vaccine, SARS vaccine, MERS vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine. Articles related to above search query were retrieved, sorted, analyzed and developed into an easy-to-understand review. Results The genome phylogenetic analysis suggested that genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is almost 80% similar to that of SARS-CoV, further both these viruses bind to same host cell receptor ACE-2. Hence it is expected that, previously available literature data about coronavirus vaccine designing may play crucial role in development of rapid vaccine against COVID-19. In view of this, the present review discuss (i) existing information (from 2003 to present) about the type of vaccine, antigen, immunogenic response, animal model, route of administration, adjuvants and current scenario for designing of coronavirus vaccine (ii) potential factors and challenges related to rapid development of COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion In conclusion, we discuss possible clues/ target sites for designing of vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus based on prior-art.

Remdesivir as a drug attracted a very serious consideration of whole Globe in treatment of the pandemic disease COVID-19. More recently published in-vitro inhibition activity and in-vivo case studies were showing promising clinical results and outcome of effective inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 virus by the use of remdesivir. However at the same time, use of the remdesivir showed substantial detrimental adverse events in patients which needs a special attention during treatment course of COVID-19. Thus, the use of remdesivir in treatment of COVID-19 is having current international interest although some more clinical evidences are still necessary in order to understand the actual efficiency and mechanism of remdesivir against COVID-19. In view of this, the present literature study spotlight the current ongoing research related to use of remdesivir which includes (i) pharmacology of remdesivir, (ii) mechanism of action of remdesivir (iii) in-vitro inhibition of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 virus, (iv) in-vivo analysis and clinical use of remdesivir against COVID-19. Finally possible adverse events (of use of remdesivir) are also discussed considering the pharmacovigilance concern. Keywords: Remdesivir; COVID-19; Remdesivir side effects, Remdesivir pharmacology; SARS-CoV-2 virus

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The whole World is greatly affected by the current COVID-19 pandemic caused due to emerging novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) which specifically attacks on the respiratory system and reduces oxygen carrying capacity to develop hypoxia/dyspnoea. The severely affected COVID-19 patients require ventilators to survive and to fulfil the need of oxygen. However, number of ventilators is much less than that of actual number of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, management of the primary assessment of oxygen level/requirement becomes a challenging task in hospitals due to a large number of COVID-19 patients. To manage this situation, a small device pulse oximeter can be used in primary clinical care to determine the oxygen saturation. Furthermore, pulse oximeter can be significantly used to observe the oxygen saturation in quarantine or hospitalised patients. Thus, pulse oximeter has become a game-changer in COVID-19 pandemic to detect the oxygen requirement in patients. However, there are several factors affecting the sensitivity of pulse oximeter which need to understand to get accurate reading. In view of this, the present article discusses the (i) role of pulse oximeter in managing COVID-19 (ii) basic engineering principle of pulse oximeter (iii) various factors affecting sensitivity (iv) pros, cons and challenges in the use of the pulse oximeter.