Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cleansing protocols to remove sealer residues using different cleaning strategies and the effect of bond strength of two universal adhesives to dentin impregnated with epoxy resinbased sealer.Materials and Methods: Fifty bovine dentin specimens were impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer containing calcium hydroxide (Sealer Plus) and submitted to cleansing protocols (n = 10): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), 95% ethanol (ET), xylol (XI), and amyl acetate (AA). Specimens were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Other 100 specimens were submitted to the same protocols (n = 20). Each protocol was divided into subgroups (n = 10) according to the universal adhesive system used: Scotchbond Universal (SU); Ambar Universal (AU). Bond strength was evaluated by micro-shear bond test (μSBT). Persistence of residues data were assessed with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. μSBT data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (α = 5%).Results: ET presented higher persistence of residues compared to AA and XI (p < 0.05). AA and XI were similar from each other (p > 0.05). AU and SU presented similar μSBT values, regardless of the cleansing solution (p > 0.05). SU-NC presented the highest μSBT among all conditions (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The bond strength of universal adhesives was not affected by different amounts of sealer residues after different cleaning protocols.Clinical Significance: Non-polar substances such as amyl acetate and xylol are effective for removing residues from epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers.
Objective To evaluate the cleaning potential of 95% ethanol, acetone, and amyl acetate solutions used solely or in association, to remove epoxy resin‐based sealer residues from pulp chamber dentin and their microstructural effects. Materials and Methods One hundred and eighty bovine incisor specimens were divided into nine groups according to the cleaning protocol: ET (ethanol); AC (acetone); AA (amyl acetate); E1: AA+AC; E2: AA+ET; E3: AC+ET; E4: AA+AC+ET; PC (positive control), and NC (negative control). All groups were impregnated with epoxy resin‐sealer, except NC. Ninety specimens were divided into groups (n = 10) for evaluation of persistence of residues and amount of open dentinal tubules by SEM analysis and evaluation of chemical compounds on the dentin surface after cleaning with electron dispersive spectroscopy. The others 90 specimens were submitted to Knoop microhardness evaluation. Persistence of residues data were submitted to the Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 0.05). Open dentinal tubules and microhardness data were submitted to one‐way ANOVA and Mann Whitney tests (α = 0.05). Results AA and E4 protocols showed the lowest persistence of residues. E4 group had the highest incidence of open dentinal tubules. E3 and E4 groups showed no changes in the atomic ratio Ca/P, which was similar to NC group. E4 group did not present W, an element presents in all the other groups. ET and E4 protocols showed the smallest reduction in dentin microhardness. Conclusions The combination of amyl acetate, acetone and ethanol is the most effective and safe protocol to remove epoxy sealer residues on pulp chamber dentin. Moreover, it has the lowest microhardness reduction. Clinical Significance The combined use of amyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol enhanced the cleaning of pulp chamber dentin with minimal microstructural damage.
Aim: The aim of this study to evaluate the effects of 10% alpha-tocopherol (10AT) or 20% alpha-tocopherol (20AT) incorporation on biological compatibility, pH, and calcium release of calcium hydroxide (CH) paste associated with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). Materials and Methods: Four groups were evaluated: CH, CH-CHX, CH-CHX-10AT, and CH-CHX-20AT. For biological compatibility test, polyethylene tubes containing several pastes were implanted in Wistar rats' subcutaneous tissue (n = 28). After 48 h and 7, 14, and 21 days postimplantation, the specimens were removed and subjected to histologic and histomorphometric analysis. The number of inflammatory cells was evaluated. For pH and calcium release analysis, the pastes were placed individually (n = 10) in plastic tubes and immersed in deionized water. The calcium release and pH changes were evaluated in 24 and 48 h and 7, 14, and 21 days. All data were submitted to Kruskal–Wallis test (α = 0.05). Results: Concerning biological compatibility, all materials shown a similar decidual response ( P > 0.05). In the first hours, there was as increase in the number of inflammatory cells, inducing an expressive inflammatory response. After 14 days, inflammation reaction decreased and collagen fiber was organized for the tested pastes ( P = 0.05). The pH analysis of the groups maintained the same relationship during the different periods evaluated: the CH and CH-CHX groups showed higher values and were similar to each other ( P > 0.05), followed by the CH-CHX-10AT and CH-CHX-20 AT groups. Regarding the amount of calcium ions, in the initial (24 hours) and final (21 days) periods, the groups did not present differences between them ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: The 10AT or 20AT, as an antioxidant agent, incorporation to CH and 2% CHX paste negatively affected biological and physicochemical properties.
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