Background: The cause of frequent falls in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still not well understood. Nevertheless, balance control and sensory organization are known to be critical for moving safely and adapting to the environment. Methods: We evaluated postural stability in 20 AD patients (11 fallers and 9 nonfallers) and 16 healthy controls with an inertial measurement unit (triaxial accelerometers and gyroscopes) attached to the center of mass (COM) in different balance conditions (Romberg on flat surface and frontward/backward-inclined surface, with or without visual suppression) in a motor lab. Results: In AD patients, the group of fallers showed a different kinetic pattern of postural stability characterized by higher vulnerability to visual suppression, higher total/maximal displacement and a mediolateral/anteroposterior range of sway, and a consequent need for more corrections of COM pitch and roll angles. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to consolidate the normative values of the discriminatory kinetic variables with the potential of inclusion in a multifactorial analysis of the risk of falls. Nevertheless, these results highlight signs of impairment of central postural control in AD, which may require early therapeutic intervention.

Quantitative postural sway evaluation is useful in the investigation of Parkinsonian syndromes. VPD patients have higher AP postural sway that is correlated with their gait disturbance burden and also not responsive to levodopa. These observations corroborate the interconnection of postural control and locomotor networks.

A new modified Morse potential is introduced to describe the vibrational motion of diatomic molecules. The vibrational energy eigenvalues for the ground state of the H2 and N2 molecules are obtained by numerically solving the time-independent Schrödinger equation using a Python program and the Matrix Numerov method for the case of the Morse potential, Hulbert-Hirschfelder potential, and the modified Morse potential functions. The comparison of the vibrational energy eigenvalues and the anharmonicity constant obtained for the modified Morse potential function reveals better agreement with the experimental data than the other potential functions. Also, the proposed modified Morse potential function fits the RKR potential energy curve more closely than the Morse potential function and Hulbert-Hirschfelder potential function, especially in the region where the potential extends to near the dissociation limit.

Postural control is a complex dynamic mechanism, which integrates information from visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) patients are unable to produce appropriate reflexive responses to changing environmental conditions. Still, it is controversial what is due to voluntary or involuntary postural control, even less what is the effect of levodopa. We aimed to evaluate compensatory postural adjustments (CPA), with kinematic and time-frequency analyzes, and further understand the role of dopaminergic medication on these processes. 19 healthy subjects (Controls) and 15 idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) patients in the OFF and ON medication states, wearing IMUs, were submitted to a virtual reality scenario with visual downward displacements on a staircase. We also hypothesized if CPA would involve mechanisms occurring in distinct time scales. We subsequently analyzed postural adjustments on two frequency bands: low components between 0.3 and 1.5 Hz (LB), and high components between 1.5 and 3.5 Hz (HB). Vertical acceleration demonstrated a greater power for discriminating IPD patients from healthy subjects. Visual perturbation significantly increased the power of the HB in all groups, being particularly more evident in the OFF state. Levodopa significantly increased their basal power taking place on the LB. However, controls and IPD patients in the ON state revealed a similar trend of the control mechanism. Results indicate an improvement in muscular stiffness provided by levodopa. They also suggest the role of different compensatory postural adjustment patterns, with LB being related to inertial properties of the oscillating mass and HB representing reactions to the ongoing visual input-changing scenario.

Audition, albeit less significant than vision, also plays a role in the multi-sensorial dynamic control of postural stability by the central nervous system. In everyday life, audition is likely to be a relevant factor in postural stability. This is especially relevant in AD in which, even when the peripheral sensory system is intact, the central processing is impaired and sensory dependence is re-weighted.

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Finding a good classifier is a multiobjective optimization problem with different error rates and the costs to be minimized. The receiver operating characteristic is widely used in the machine learning community to analyze the performance of parametric classifiers or sets of Pareto optimal classifiers. In order to directly compare two sets of classifiers the area (or volume) under the convex hull can be used as a scalar indicator for the performance of a set of classifiers in receiver operating characteristic space.Recently, the convex hull based multiobjective genetic programming algorithm was proposed and successfully applied to maximize the convex hull area for binary classification problems. The contribution of this paper is to extend this algorithm for dealing with higher dimensional problem formulations. In particular, we discuss problems where parsimony (or classifier complexity) is stated as a third objective and multi-class classification with three different true classification rates to be maximized.The design of the algorithm proposed in this paper is inspired by indicator-based evolutionary algorithms, where first a performance indicator for a solution set is established and then a selection operator is designed that complies with the performance indicator. In this case, the performance indicator will be the volume under the convex hull. The algorithm is tested and analyzed in a proof of concept study on different benchmarks that are designed for measuring its capability to capture relevant parts of a convex hull.Further benchmark and application studies on email classification and feature selection round up the analysis and assess robustness and usefulness of the new algorithm in real world settings.

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