Abstract. Pruning trees is one of the most laborious processes in fruit growing. The level of mechanization, electrification and automation of caring for fruit trees is high, but a number of technological operations are carried out manually. The use of manual labor when pruning tree branches leads to a decrease in the productivity of workers and makes their work ineffective. The use of a manual electrified tool will improve the efficiency of the technology of detailed tree trimming. The existing Russian secateurs have disadvantages that prevent their wide introduction into production. These drawbacks are the use of asynchronous electric motors and an electric current source of increased frequency, large mass and overall dimensions. Foreign analogs of secateurs have improved mass and dimensional indicators, but have a high cost. Taking into account all the mentioned disadvantages, electromechanical secateurs based on a linear electric motor are offered, which have the following set of properties: low power consumption, easy maintenance, high operational reliability, small weight and overall dimensions, high speed. These advantages of the secateurs are achieved by using a linear electric motor. The main advantage of the linear electric drive is the lack of transmission, it is easy to manufacture, reliable in operation and has a high speed. The main parameter for calculating the linear electric motor is the cutting force of the branches. Fruit trees have a certain hardness, which depends on the temperature and humidity of the environment. For successful trimming of fruit tree branches, the optimal combination of the mechanical characteristics of the cutting pair and the linear electric drive is necessary.Keywords: electromotor, secateurs, hacksaw, power, electrotechnology. IntroductionPruning fruit trees is carried out for their formation, control of fruiting and growth, improving crown lighting, rejuvenating, improving the quality of fruits, as well as removing sick, broken and dry branches. Important for the effective development of domestic gardening is the mechanization of the process of detailed pruning of fruit trees, using electrified hand tools.Analysis of existing tools for detailed pruning fruit trees, allowed determining the following types of tools: manual, pneumatic, hydraulic and electric. The cheapest is the hand tool, but the labor costs are much higher than for the rest. Pneumatic tools reduce labor costs for trimming, but they have a number of disadvantages: low reliability of the pneumatic system; short service life; significant reduction in the characteristics of the cut during operation; vibration; limited range of work. Hydraulic tool in comparison with pneumatic, has an extended period of operation and reliability, but it also has characteristic drawbacks. The disadvantages include the danger of malfunctions in the hydraulic system, the complexity of repair in the field, large mass, lack of mobility. The application of the electric drive is most effective according to the analysis of domestic...
An electrostatic air cleaner is highly efficient for air clearing, which allows blocking dust, tiny particles and bacteria. However, the cost of such devices is quite high; for example, the increase of the degree of cleaning by 6 % raises the relative value almost 3 times. As a result, it restrains their distribution in agriculture. The solution to this problem is possible by upgrading the design of the electrostatic air cleaner, which consists in science-based choosing the area of the collecting electrode. The standard research methods were used for the experiment: the method of multifactorial experiment, statistical analysis, determination of the adequacy of the experimental data. Several collection electrodes have been studied in the form of tubes with different inner surface, so that their area corresponds to the analytical values: smooth surface, corrugated surface, undulated surface, complex surface with interleaving niches and crowns (like cuts in firearms). As a result of the experimental studies the dependence of the degree of cleaning of the electrostatic air cleaner η on the speed of the particle movement to the collecting electrode ν and supply air w at a constant square area of the collecting electrode is found. The maximum degree of air cleaning from bacterial pathogens varies from 60 to 99 %. The use of air cleaning installations in conjunction with recirculation allows reducing the gas content in the room, where animals are kept, for 6 times; the number of pathogenic bacteria (coliform bacillus, staphylococcus) is reduced 10 times; the amount of the consumed electric power to maintain the microclimate is reduced 2 times; the young stock loss is decreased from 40 % to 5 %.
As the livestock industry, sheep breeding takes the third place in the world, this is one of the most extensive types of agriculture. Currently, the main attention in the sheep breeding is directed to increasing in meat productivity and improving the quality of products. The important technique that contributes to the increase and improvement of the quality of livestock production is the use of laser radiation. The article presents the results of research directed to studying of influence of low-intensity laser radiation on the organism of young sheep. The area of impact of laser radiation on the animal organism is defined. The positive influence of laser radiation on the growth and development of young sheep and their immune reactivity is established. The revealed regularity is confirmed by the bigger size of the live weight, increased energy of growth in all studied periods of ontogenetic development, the more developed factors of natural protection at the experimental animals. The effectiveness of the directed impact of laser puncture on the organism of young sheep has been proved to improve meat productivity and resistance. The developed method of laser puncture can be used to increase the meat productivity, safety and resistance of young sheep.
Abstract. The article discusses pressure variation in the interwall camera of the milking machine during the milking process. Some patterns are offered for determination of duration of the change of pressure in the interwall camera of a milking cup. A conclusion is drawn for the necessary duration of the change of pressure in the interwall camera of a milking cup. The principle of operation of the modern milking machine is based on periodic interaction of mamillar rubber and vacuum on the animal udder. The duration of the change of pressure in the interwall camera is the main characteristic, which provides an indication of the impact of the milking machine on the animal udder. The modern developments of animal physiology have provided the necessary knowledge on the basis of which the main features of milk processing and the biological requirements for milking are revealed and formulated. Taking into account these features, it is possible to claim that the transition phase from a sucking step to a compression step in the interwall camera of a milking cup will be more smooth and long-lasting. Thus, it is necessary to improve constructions of milking machines for creation of an opportunity to regulate the duration of transitive phases in the interwall camera of a milking cup. It will help avoid the negative impact of the milking machine on the organism of animals in the course of milking that will increase productivity of cows and quality of the received milk.
The relevance of the study is due to low effective utilization of heat of fuel combustion in existing heat generators, in particular, boiler units intended for heat supply to industrial enterprises and residential buildings. Another important research area of the study is the ascertaining ability of a boiler to operate on raw water, which hasn’t undergone a process of preliminary reduction of hardness. The article reveals the use of latent heat of water vapor contained in the exhaust gases in all models of existing boiler units. The authors proposed and described a method for the effective utilization of the latent heat by means of contact heating of the coolant.
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