This paper compares within-country programmes of initial vocational education and training (IVET) in Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany and their outcomes. Specifically, it aims to analyse and compare the labour market success of graduates of different tracks at the ISCED 3 level in both early and later stages of their careers. The comparison is based on the analysis of PIAAC 2013 OECD study data. A composite multidimensional indicator was constructed to measure labour market success and subsequently used as a dependent variable in regression models. The results indicate that in the systems with dual IVET at the ISCED 3 level (Germany and Austria), graduates are indeed more successful at the labour market than their counterparts with other ISCED 3 tracks. However, their advantage diminishes in later stages of the career. Additionally, in Austria, the success of dual education young graduates is mediated by individual characteristics. In the system with only school-based IVET (the Czech Republic), this track does not guarantee substantively higher labour market success for young graduates compared to other ISCED 3 tracks and also to those with lower education. Czech apprentices in the later stages of career succeed even less than those with below ISCED 3 education.
The paper describes various forms and modes of partnerships and cooperation between mainstream schools and private tutoring providers, and their risks and benefits as perceived by Czech school leaders. Its main findings are drawn from interviews with management representatives of 43 lowersecondary schools. Schools displayed tutors' advertisements, recommended private tutors to students, cooperated with tutors or offered school premises for private tutoring. Some forms and modes of collaboration could be mutually beneficial, whilst others were at the edge of ethical practices. Most principals carefully weighed perceived benefits and risks of such partnerships, but others practiced a laissez-faire school policy.
Cílem studie je identifikovat faktory spojené se školou (a aktivitami jejích pracovníků), u nichž byla dosavadním empirickým výzkumem prokázána souvislost s vytvářením či snižováním poptávky žáků po soukromém doučování, a popsat mechanismy jejich působení. Analýzou dostupných empirických dokladů byly identifikovány následující proměnné: z působy jednání učitelů (zejména doporučování žákům využít soukromé doučování), kvalita školy/výuky, realizované kurikulum, velikost tříd, dostupnost bez platného doučování, partnerství školy a poskytovatelů soukromého doučování, diferenciace a socioekonomické složení žáků, další kontextuální charakteristiky školy. Výstupem studie je schematický diagram, který systematizuje identifikované faktory v dimenzích míry jejich ovlivnitelnosti školou (resp. učiteli) a (ne)přímostí vlivu na rozhodnutí využít soukromé doučování.
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