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Herein, 2-octylaminopyridine (2-OAP) amine is used in the liquid-liquid extraction of palladium(II) from aqueous salicylate media. It is found that pH does not affect the metal extraction process in the pH range of 1.8-2.4. Palladium(II) complex formation was verified by a log-log plot, whereas from the slope analysis, the ion pair complex stoichiometry 1 : 1 (metal : ligand) and 1 : 3 (metal : acid) was confirmed. The extraction system was optimized for the choice of diluent (xylene) as well as for the effective stripping agent (5.0 M ammonia). The selectivity for palladium(II) was found to be maintained when the organic phase (0.03 M 2-OAP in xylene) is used to extract the palladium(II). The extraction saturation capacity of palladium(II) was determined from 0.02 M sodium salicylate solution with 10 mL 0.03 M 2-OAP, and its experimental value exceeds 2.5 mg under the experimental conditions. Stripping of palladium(II) from the loaded organic phase was performed with 5.0 M ammonia. The extraction with varying parameters like equilibrium time, temperature, diluents, concentration of extractant, loading capacity, regeneration power and stability of extraction was also studied. The extraction behavior of associated metals, namely, noble metals and base metals, has been investigated, and the conditions for binary separation involving these metal ions have been optimized. Based on the extraction protocol, palladium(II) has been recovered from real samples.

Herein, we have developed a solvent extraction system for lead(ii) with N-n-octylcyclohexylamine from HCl medium.

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Liquid-liquid extraction of Au(III) from aqueous sodium malonate medium using 2-octylaminopyridine (2-OAP) as an extractant in xylene was achieved. The current work explored the influence of several experimental parameters such as pH, weak acid concentration, extractant concentration, equilibrium time, stripping agents, and aqueous:organic volume ratio on the extraction of Au(III). The experimental results showed that the Au(III) was quantitatively extracted to about 99.5% by 0.05 M 2-OAP in 0.05 M malonate at 5.0 pH. Ammonia solution was used to strip the gold-loaded organic phase and about 99.5% of Au(III) was reversibly extracted into the aqueous phase. Gold(III) was extracted into the organic phase via formation of ion-pair complex [2-OAPH + .Au (C 3 H 2 O 4) − 2 ]. The stoichiometry of the extracted species was 1:2:1 (metal: acid: extractant) determined by slope analysis. The method affords the binary, ternary mixture separation as well as separation of Au(III) from synthetic mixtures and alloys. The method is applicable for the determination and separation of gold from ayurvedic samples and recovery of gold from e-wastes. A reproduction of the method was checked by finding relative standard deviation for n = 5, which was 0.29%, and the limit of detection was 1.08 µ g/mL.

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