At present, the formation of research competence is one of the main in modern psychological and pedagogical literature in the countries of Europe and Central Asia. When forming the research competence of students of biologists, the study of biological objects and phenomena should not be limited to the description of only external sides and features. Students should learn to understand their essential deep characteristics, which affect the quality of biological education in General, and research competence in particular. Formation of research competence to improve the quality of training of students of biologists in the pedagogical University, based on the use of modern molecular biological research methods.
Influenza pathogens belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are divided into genera: Influenzavirus A, B, C, D, as well as Quaranjavirus, Thogotovirus, and Isavirus. For the first time, the influenza D virus was isolated from swine nasal swabs in 2011 in the United States, and its widespread distribution among cattle in France, China, Italy, Ireland, Japan, and several African countries, as well as its ability to infect ferrets, guinea pigs, is further shown. Antibodies to influenza D virus are found in the blood serum of horses, sheep, goats, and in people who have been in contact with cattle. The RNA genome of the influenza D virus is represented by seven fragments responsible for the synthesis of nine proteins. The longest three segments encode for polymerases PB2, PB1, and P3; the fourth and fifth segments encode for hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein – HEF and nucleoprotein – NP, respectively. The sixth fragment is involved in the synthesis of membrane polypeptides DM1 and DM2, which, in accordance, lines the viral membrane from the inside and performs the function of proton channels. The seventh segment encodes the non-structural protein NS1 and the nuclear export protein NEP; NS1 helps to neutralize cellular interferon and NEP mediates the nuclear export of ribonucleoprotein. Three phylogenetic lines of the influenza virus D are described – D/OK, D/660, and D/Japan, which must be taken into account when preparing vaccines. It is concluded that from its epidemiological, pathological and biological characteristics, the potential ability to cause disease in humans and be transmitted from person to person, new, more in-depth studies are required using ecological-virological and molecular genetic methods.
Objective. Detection of influenza viruses among the population on the territory of the Northern and Western Kazakhstan during the 2018–2019 epidemic season. Patients and methods. The study involved 835 patients with ARVI symptoms. Biological samples were screened in real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hemagglutinating agents were isolated in 9-10-day-old developing chicken embryos. Identification of isolates was carried out in RT-PCR and HAI assay. Results. 936 clinical samples (835 nasopharyngeal swabs and 101 blood serums) were collected from patients in the Northern (North Kazakhstan and Pavlodar oblasts) and Western (West Kazakhstan oblast) regions during the 2018–2019 epidemic season. Primary screening of 835 nasopharyngeal swabs revealed the genetic material of influenza virus in 20.48%, influenza A virus in 20.36%, and influenza B virus in 0.12%. Subtyping of PCR positive samples for influenza type A virus showed the presence of the genetic material of influenza A/H1N1pdm09 virus in 14.01%, A/H3N2 virus in 4.91%. The virus subtype was not established in 1.66%. Virological examination of nasopharyngeal swabs led to obtaining 14 isolates, of which 13 were identified as influenza A/H1N1pdm09 viruses and 1 as influenza A/H3N2 virus. Serological studies of 101 blood serums in the HAI assay showed the presence of antihemagglutinins against influenza A/H1N1pdm09 virus in 28.71%, A/H3N2 virus in 30.69%, type B virus in 3.96% of the total number of samples. Antibodies simultaneously against two subtypes of influenza viruses (A and B) were detected in 12.87% of cases. In ELISA antibodies against influenza A/H1N1 virus were revealed in 24.75% of cases, A/H3N2 virus in 19.80%, type B virus in 14.85%. Antibodies simultaneously against two types of influenza viruses (A and B) were detected in 2.97% of blood serums. Conclusion. The results of virological and serological studies presented in the paper suggest circulation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2, and type B viruses in the examined oblasts of Kazakhstan during the 2018–2019 season. Key words: virus, hemagglutinin, influenza, diagnosis, isolate, neuraminidase, circulation
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