There is disagreement within both linguistics and psycholinguistics concerning the use of unaccented third person pronouns to refer to implicit referents. Some researchers (e.g., Erkü & Gundel, 1987) argue that it is impossible or highly marked, while others (e.g., Yule, 1982) maintain that it is not only acceptable but commonly used in normal discourse. However, both sides in the debate may be correct: while peripheral implicit referents (which evoke the means or the instrument by which a given state of aVairs is established) are not easily referred to using pronouns, central or 'nuclear' implicit referents are. We tested this hypothesis in two experiments, involving diVerent languages (English and French). The results of both experiments show that pronominal reference to implicit referents caused slower reading times compared to explicit referents for peripheral referents only. We discuss these results with respect to Gundel, Hedberg, and Zacharski's (

To evaluate the role of hydrophobic and electrostatic or other polar interactions for protein-ligand binding, we studied the interaction of human serum albumin (HSA) and beta-lactoglobulin with various aliphatic (C10-C14) cationic and zwitterionic detergents. We find that cationic detergents, at levels that do not cause unfolding, interact with a single site on beta-lactoglobulin and with two primary and five to six secondary sites on HSA with an affinity that is approximately the same as that with which zwitterionic (dimethylamineoxide) detergents interact, suggesting the absence of significant electrostatic interactions in the high-affinity binding of these compounds. The binding affinity for all of the groups of compounds was dependent upon hydrocarbon chain length, suggesting the predominant role of hydrophobic forces, supported by polar interactions at the protein surface. A distinct correlation between the binding energy and the propensity for micelle formation within the group of cationic or noncharged (nonionic and zwitterionic) detergents indicated that the critical micellar concentration (CMC) for each of these detergent groups, rather than the absolute length of the hydrocarbon chain, can be used to compare their hydrophobicities during their interaction with protein. Intrinsic fluorescence data suggest that the two primary binding sites on serum albumin for the zwitterionic and cationic compounds are located in the C-terminal part of the albumin molecule, possibly in the Sudlow II binding region. Comparisons with previous binding data on anionic amphiphiles emphasize the important contribution of ion bond formation and other polar interactions in the binding of fatty acids and dodecyl sulfate (SDS) by HSA but not by beta-lactoglobulin. Electrostatic interactions by cationic detergents played a significant role in destabilizing the protein structure at high binding levels, with beta-lactoglobulin being more susceptible to unfolding than HSA. Zwitterionic detergents, in contrast to the cationic detergents, had no tendency to unfold the proteins at high concentrations.

Abstract. This paper presents a method and an exploration tool for use within an interactional approach to emotion in human interactions. The method is based upon detecting traces of emotionality along eight analytical dimensions: multimodality, interactivity, uttered noises, agreement markers, personal markers, macrosyntactic units, interactional units and lexical repetitions. Two corpus excerpts from different research groups are analyzed following this method. The visualization tool has been designed to support identification of concomitant events and measurement of accumulation of traces at a given point in time, and thus provides better understanding of the complex process of elaboration of emotion during interactions.,

Revue des linguistes de l'université Paris X Nanterre 79 | 2019 Enseigner et apprendre à interagir en langue étrangère : réflexions linguistiques et didactiques Pourquoi faire de la sociolinguistique des interactions verbales avec des enseignants et des apprenants de Français Langue Étrangère ? On the usefulness of sociolinguistic analysis of interactions for learners of French as a Foreign Language