The triacylglycerols from skin, white and dark muscle of Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus were isolated and the distribution of fatty acids on the glycerol examined with pancreatic lipase. The dark muscle, which is the smallest dietary fat source of the three tissues, had less EPA and more D H A than the other two tissues. The EPA deficiency was located in the 2-position. The D H A was similar in both the 2and 1.3-positions. The white muscle triacylglycerol showed a much higher proportion of D H A in the 2-position than in the 1.3-positions. The skin triacylglycerol was relatively undifferentiated in respect to distribution of EPA and DHA. Saturated acids were least in the 2-position of the white muscle triacylglycerol and highest in the 1.3-position of the same fat. Not unexpectedly. the monoethylenic fatty acids of exogenous origin were located in the 1.3-positions and the highest level was in the dark muscle triacylglycerol. The distribution of the whole of the EPA and D H A is not dissimiliar from that projected from literature on fish triacylglycerols. It is concluded that benefits attributed to a supplement of dietary mackerel. relative to herring, in certain types of hypertension follow from the total 0-3 fatty acid intake and not from any special distribution on glycerol of mackerel fatty acids. I n t r o d u c t i o nComparisons'.* of the benefits of fish oils in clinical experiments have often assumed that all dietary forms of EPA were equal, although this belief, insofar as it extends to Greenland eskimos and western society, is clearly not valid 3-5. In short, the eskimos ate seal fat with EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) reputedly in the 1,3-positions on glycerol (mostly the latter) while the fish fats more popular in our society reputedly tend to have EPA and DHA primarily in the 2position of glycerol 6.7. The digestive process based on pancreatic lipase would in the case of seal fat generate 0 -3 fatty acids in free fatty acid form, while in the fish fat case they could be retained in the form of 2-monoacylglycerols ' . This difference in absorption form could mask dose responses, a fertile area for 0-3 research'.One of the more interesting aspects of the potential therapeutic benefits of fish oils has been the investigation of Singer and colleagues into blood pressure lowering effects of mackerel and herring in the diet in cases of mild essential hypertension lo or types IV and V hyperlipoproteinemia ". Although the health improvements favored the mackerel, herring contained only half the w-3 fatty acids of the mackerel. It has not been clear if dose was the sole factor, or if the fatty acid distribution on the glycerol of the mackerel fats could be involved.We have therefore reinvestigated this point for mackerel.Gesichtspunkte der Fettsaurepositionsverteilung in lkiacylglycerinen von Haut, hellem und duaklem Muskel der Makrele SromLer scombrus hinsichtlich Bluthochdruck Es wurden die Triacylglycerine von Haut. hellem und dunklem Muskel der Atlantikmakrele Scomber scom...

The objective was to evaluate the effect of different cryoprotectant agents in the cryopreservation of Peruvian Paso horse semen. Twenty semen samples were collected from five Peruvian Paso horse stallions. Each sample was divided into 12 parts to form the groups: dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol (GLY), at 3%, 4% and 5%. Samples were frozen using a rate-controlled freezer. Sperm parameters evaluated were motility and viability/acrosomal status. After thawing, progressive motility in DMA group was higher (p < .05) than in DMSO, EG and GLY groups. Similarly, viable acrosome-intact spermatozoa were higher (p < .05) using DMA in comparison with DMSO. No differences were found when comparing concentrations for any of the cryoprotectant agents. In conclusion, DMA seems to be a good cryoprotectant agent for the cryopreservation of Peruvian Paso horse stallion semen.

Despite improvements in obstetric care, neonatal brachial plexus palsy continues to significantly impact infants’ lives worldwide, with an incidence of 1 to 4 per 1000 live births. While a majority of affected infants recover spontaneously by three months, 20-30% suffer permanent functional deficits that significantly impair their quality of life. Anatomical complexity of the brachial plexus results in varying degrees of injury and pathological changes at multiple levels within the plexus. Current clinical diagnosis relies on electrodiagnostic techniques such as nerve conduction (i.e., motor and sensory) and electromyography studies. These techniques not only aid clinicians to differentiate between axonal and demyelinating lesions, evident by changes in signal shape and conduction, but also provide prognostic information in cases of brachial plexus injuries. The presented study offers a comprehensive review of existing literature on electrodiagnostic techniques employed for assessing neonatal brachial plexus injuries.

Brachial plexus birth injury has a reported incidence of 1 to 4 per 1000 live births. During complicated deliveries, neonatal, maternal, and other birth-related factors can cause over-stretching or avulsion of the neonatal brachial plexus leading to injury. Understanding biomechanical responses of the neonate brachial plexus when subjected to stretch can offer insight into the injury outcomes while guiding the development of preventative maneuvers that can help reduce the occurrence of neonatal brachial plexus injuries. This review article aims to offer a comprehensive overview of existing literature reporting biomechanical responses of the brachial plexus, in both adults and neonates, when subjected to stretch. Despite the discrepancies in the reported biomechanical properties of the brachial plexus, the studies confirm the loading rate and loading direction dependency of the brachial plexus tissue. Future studies, possibly in vivo, that utilize clinically-relevant neonatal large animal models can provide translational failure values of the biomechanical parameters for the neonatal brachial plexus when subjected to stretch.