Brief isolation from a group situation was found to suppress persistent, high-rate misbehavior in two extremely withdrawn children, even though no positive reinforcement for other behaviors was systematically administered. Changes in a variety of behaviors, including looking, touching, speaking, responding, and other non-punished misbehaviors, were observed when isolation timeout was administered contingent on only one misbehavior of each child.Timeout from positive reinforcement by brief isolation (isolation TO) has been extensively used to suppress undesirable behaviors in human subjects. The situations from which subjects have been removed have generally included one or both of two major sources of positive reinforcement: social reinforcement from a group situation and/or systematic reinforcement of other behaviors. Good results have been reported using isolation from a group (Tyler and Brown, 1967;Wolf, Risley, and Mees, 1964;Zeilberger, Sampen, and Sloane, 1968), using elimination of opportunity to earn reinforcement by other behaviors (Hewett, 1965), and using a combination of both isolation from a group situation and deprivation of reinforcement opportunity (Birnbrauer, Wolf, Kidder, and Tague, 1965;Burchard and Tyler, 1965 (SPRING 1972)
A study was done to compare diminution of the GSR to a 1,000-cps tone during regular and irregular temporal spacing of the tones, and to determine the influence of a judgment task on the GSR under these conditions. One group received a 90-db. tone every 40 sec. for 40 trials, while one group received the series of 40 tones at irregular temporal intervals of 20, 30, 40, SO, or 60 sec. In addition, half of the Ss in each group were required to judge the intensity of the UCS after each stimulus presentation. No evidence was found for temporal conditioning in the nonjudgment groups, although there did appear to be anticipatory conditioned responding in the judgment groups. It was suggested that the task facilitated the development of anticipatory responding in temporal conditioning, and as a consequence also resulted in smaller GSRs to the tone. In habituation, however, the task appeared to disrupt the ongoing process, and eliminated response attentuation. Increased arousal or attention induced by the task and/or by S's perception of regular spacing was proposed as a possible explanation of these effects.The differences between classical ter (1966) and Kimmel (1967), and conditioning and habituation are widely attenuation of the GSR across habituarecognized but their similarities are tion trials to light and auditory stimuli rarely considered. Both procedures has been observed by Kimmel and involve repeated presentations of stim-Goldstein (1966). In addition to reuli and both result in attenuation of sponse attenuation, habituation shares the UCR. Diminution of the uncondiw ith conditioning other characteristics tioned GSR across classical condition-O f learning such as "savings" in rehabiting trials, as compared with responding uation and disinhibition produced by in control groups which received unchanges in stimulus intensity. Repaired presentations of the CS and centl conditioning interpretations of UCS, has been demonstrated by Baxhabhuation have been proposed (Kim .i Based on the senior author's MA thesis mel & Goldstein, 1966;Stein, 1966). done under the supervision of the
Presents a comprehensive discussion of the problems of women who actively challenge sex discrimination in their work and in consequence face lonely, expensive, and emotionally trying experiences. The steps by which a woman reaches the point of active protest, the institutional responses she may meet, and the countermoves open to her, are described. Special attention is given to the attitudes of unions, to legislation and the conduct of legal suits, to the type of support needed from a personal counselor during the stages of the discrimination action,and to the special problems of Black women, who are in double jeopardy, from racism and sexism. Numerous practical strategies are suggested. (46 ref)
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