We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by~2500 BCE and, by~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.
A software package to fully process SMOS data from level 0 up to Brightness Temperature at antenna plane (level 1B) is described. The raw data downloaded from the payload is converted to correlations and voltages; then to calibrated visibility and antenna temperature; and finally to brightness temperature. Results at different levels are saved in separate files for further post-processing and a visualization tool is provided in order to check the data at various levels, as well as producing brightness temperature maps in the (ξ, η) domain. The software has been developed independently from the official SMOS-mission Level-1 processor but a detailed process of cross-checking of data at all levels is being carried out in order to consolidate the end product of both.
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