The authors analyses the possibilities of recycling municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in clay brick manufacture. The paper analyses the effect of MWSI fly ash (FA) on physical-mechanical characteristics, environmental toxicity of clay bricks. The clay bricks were prepared by adding 2.5-7.5 % of FA and firing them at 1000 °C temperature. Physical and mechanical characteristics of clay brick change depending on the content of FA added: shrinkage, density and compressive strength reduce, water absorption and total porosity increase. Clay bricks containing 2.5-5 % FA do not exceed the limit values of inert substances according to the Waste Directive 2003/33/EC. According to the test results and taking into consideration clay brick physical - mechanical characteristics and environmental toxicity, the recommended content of the addition to the moulding compound is 2.5-5 % FA.
This study deals with the effect of MSWI (municipal solid waste incinerator) fly ash on fired clay bricks. Initially, the MSWI fly ash was characterized by its chemical composition and morphology. Different ratios of the MSWI fly ash (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 % by mass) were added to the clay brick. Clay brick samples were heated on 1000 °C temperatures for 1 h. The clay brick properties of the resultant material then determined, including shrinkage (after drying, after firing), density, water absorption, effective porosity and total open porosity and compressive strength. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure tests were also conducted. The results indicate that the heavy metal, chloride and sulphate concentrations in the leachates met the current regulatory thresholds (Waste Directive 2003/33/EC). Increasing the amount of MSWI fly ash resulted in an increase in the water absorption and a decrease in the compressive strength of the MSWI fly ash clay bricks. The addition of MSWI fly ash to the mixture reduced the degree of firing shrinkage. The effects of MSWI fly ash addition on the durability (frost resistance) of the clay bricks were investigated. This indicates that MSWI fly ash is indeed suitable for the partial replacement of the clay in the bricks.
This paper is a report on the results of a feasibility study on the immobilization of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash by producing a fired clay brick. The main purpose of this work was to test the clay used in the manufacture of a fired clay brick that could incorporate municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. The raw materials, municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash and clay, were mixed together in different proportions (100:0, 97.5:2.5, 95:5 and 92.5:7.5). Clay brick samples were heated to 1000 °C temperatures for 1 h. The fired clay brick specimens were characterised with respect to compressive strength, porosity, linear shrinkage (after drying, after firing) and density. Leaching tests, in accord with the European Union regulation, was done on fired clay brick made with different additions of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash.
The groundwater used as drinking water often contains unacceptable amounts of iron and manganese compounds and ammonium ions. These substances are efficiently removed using conventional technologies (aeration and filtration through granular media filters). However, the efficiency is drastically reduced for water containing considerable amounts of organic matter, which usually enters the water in wellfields linked with surface water. This paper presents a technology development for treating groundwater with such complex problems. A combination of open and closed aeration and filtering through three filters containing sand, zeolite and sand with oxidizing bacteria are used. Polyaluminium chloride acting as coagulant is the only chemical substance used in the technology. The developed water treatment technology was tested for eight months.The technology ensured the reduction of iron, manganese, ammonium, and organic compounds by 98%, 87%, 99%, and 80%, respectively. The efficiencies are sufficient to meet the requirements of the Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption for most wellfields fed by both underground and surface water.
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