Das additive Fertigungsverfahren Laser-Powder Directed Energy Depositon (LP-DED), kombiniert mit automatisierten Reverse-Engineering-Ansätzen, bietet die Möglichkeit, Bauteile effizient zu reparieren. Durch intelligente Algorithmen können im sogenannten Scangineering 3D-Scandaten von Bauteilen vorverarbeitet, ausgerichtet und parametrisiert werden. Die erkannten geometrischen Defekte werden zur Errechnung der Werkzeugwege für den additiven Aufbau verwendet und mittels des LP-DED-Prozesses aufgeschweißt und repariert. Dabei kommen vor allem die Vorteile der flexiblen Prozessführung, ein hoher Automatisierungsgrad und gute Reproduzierbarkeit zum Tragen.
Small defects in the grain or major damage to a moulded part or tool can bring production to a standstill. SMEs in particular have neither the personnel nor the equipment to repair such damage on their own, so they send it to specialised contractors. The repair process is carried out manually, depending on the accuracy requirements, and is usually completed by a finishing process. This work requires qualified personnel and, at the same time, requires a lot of time in case of larger damages. In this paper we present a way to map the Maintenance, Repair and Operations (MRO) process chain in a partially automated manner. The symbiosis of individual technologies results in a significantly increased efficiency of the MRO process chain, which continues to focus on people and their process knowledge. While Directed Energy Deposition (DED) for the MRO of moulded parts is used widely, usually a high manual effort in measuring the component geometries and teaching of the machine tool paths is necessary. However, there are clear advantages compared to the manufacture of new parts or manual laser welding repair. At the same time, the resource and energy requirements can often be significantly reduced compared to new part production. Promo focuses on automating the time-consuming machine programming by reducing the number of necessary work steps in CAD/CAM-based program creation. Based on a subsequent robot-guided scan, a digital actual 3D model is generated. Due to intelligent path planning algorithms, no manual programming of the robot is necessary and at the same time it is possible to detect components of different sizes, shapes and covers in this system with a minimum of effort. In addition, the operator passes on elementary information, such as the approach path of the milling head, to the subsequent processes by means of finger gestures and can thus significantly reduce tedious CAM programming steps. Now, the scanned component is transferred to a 3D-CAD model and a target/actual comparison is created for the damaged areas. Those are milled out in a defined manner and then restored using DED.
Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of entire assemblies is not typically practical for technical and economic reasons. The build size limitations and high production costs of L-PBF make it competitive for smaller, highly complex components, while the less complex elements of an assembly are manufactured conventionally. This leads to scenarios that use L-PBF only where it’s beneficial, and it require an integration and joining to form the final product. For example, L-PBF combustion swirlers are welded onto cast parts to produce combustion systems for stationary gas turbines. Today, the welding process requires complex welding fixtures and tack welds to ensure the correct alignment and positioning of the parts for repeatable weld results. In this paper, L-PBF and milled weld preparations are presented as a way to simplify the Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of rotationally symmetrical geometries using integrated features for alignment and fixation. Pipe specimens with the proposed designs are manufactured in Inconel 625 using L-PBF and milling. The pipe assembly is tested and TIG welding is performed for validation. 3D scans of the pipes before and after welding are evaluated, and the weld quality is examined via metallography and computed tomography (CT) scans. All welds produced in this study passed the highest evaluation group B according to DIN 5817. Thanks to good component alignment, safe handling, and a stable welding process, the developed designs eliminate the need for part-specific fixtures, simplify the process chain, and increase the process reliability. The results are applicable to a wide range of components with similar requirements.
Die additive Reparatur von beschädigten Bauteilen und Formen ist häufig mit hohen Kosten verbunden. Durch die digitale Vernetzung wurde ein Mehrwert in der additiven und spanenden Reparatur geschaffen, der sowohl die Anlagenzeit und Ingenieurszeit reduziert und gleichzeitig auf variable Genauigkeitsanforderungen übertragbar ist. Anhand einer Turbinenschaufel wurde der Reparaturprozess getestet und kann in der Zukunft auf beliebige Bauteile übertragen werden. The additive repair of damaged components and moulds is often associated with high costs, especially for SMEs. By digitally networking different components, an added value in additive and metal-cutting repair has been created, which reduces both machine time and engineering time and is at the same time transferable to variable accuracy requirements. The repair process was tested using a turbine blade and will be transferred to individual components in the future.
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