These authors contributed equally to this work.
Keywords: inflammation, adipokines, prediabetic, biomarkerAim: The objective of the study was to identify the association if any, of inflammatory markers (adiponectin and IL-6) with fasting glucose in normoglycemic (healthy), prediabetic (impaired fasting glucose), and hyperglycemic (diabetic) people in Indian population.Methods: Total 162 volunteers were distributed into 3 groups (normoglycemic, individuals with impaired fasting glucose, and hyperglycemic) as per aDa criterion. The blood chemistry parameters were analyzed and serum adiponectin and IL-6 levels were measured by eLIsa.Results: significant reduction was observed in serum adiponectin level in hyperglycemic and impaired fasting glucose population compared with normoglycemic population. significant reduction in adiponectin was also observed in impaired fasting glucose group compared with hyperglycemic group. similarly significant increase was also observed in IL-6 level in hyperglycemic and impaired fasting glucose groups compared with normoglycemic group.Conclusions: From our data it can be summarized that there is a significant change in both adiponectin (reduction) and IL-6 (increase) levels in normoglycemic (healthy), prediabetic (impaired fasting glucose), and hyperglycemic (diabetic) population in Indian population. There is a significant but gradual change during the progression of healthy toward diabetic population via pre-diabetic condition.
Commensal bacteria play a major role in multiple skin functions by providing the first layer of defense against pathogens and maintaining the skin barrier. Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most common skin commensals. In this study, we showed that S. epidermidis ferments glycerol and uses it as a nutrient, while producing short‐chain and organic fatty acids, with the most notable being lactic acid. Lactic acid is an alpha‐hydroxy acid that inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, without any negative effect on the commensal bacteria itself. Using in vivo experiments, we validated our in vitro results, showing that the skin microbiome is also capable of doing this. Finally, using 2D and 3D skin culture models, we showed that the fermentation of glycerol, mainly lactic acid, as determined by analytical methods, upregulates the expression levels of several key genes that are associated with the barrier properties of the skin. While the hydration effect of glycerol on the skin is well known, our study shows the overall benefits of glycerol on the skin microbiome, while revealing an alternate mode of action of glycerol for multiple skin benefits.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.