The study is of great relevance with present day pandemic era where mushrooms have immunity enhancing properties and they convert agro-wastes into protein rich food. India is having a youth population of about 750 million and mushroom cultivation has good potential to contribute in national income as well as enhanced immunity. The key aspects undertaken during research were the spawn production, cultivation methodology, and the suitability of various factors affecting the production and yield attributes of Pleurotus eryngii under ambient conditions in subtropical areas. Study includes yield enhancing substrate, sterilization method, spawn and substrate quantity in the growing of King Oyster i.e. Pleurotus eryngii in subtropical zones. Paddy straw was found to be the best substrate giving the highest biological efficiency and producing maximum number of fruiting bodies which is otherwise burnt by farmers in India and it is a major cause of air pollution. Whereas, maize straw showed fastest spawn run and pin head emergence out of six tested substrates and supplements. But, due to the unavailability of paddy straw in this region, the other straws resulting in optimum yields are to be recommended. Chemical steeping of substrate with chlorine water at 0.4% + carbendazim at 2% + dichlorovos at 0.1% of water used for soaking showed best results in terms of biological efficiency whereas, water and aerated steam treatment of substrate at 85 °C-90°C for about 60–90 min supported the results in leaching of nutrients and thus, biological efficiency gets lower. Out of four spawn rates used, spawn rate of 5% was found significantly best resulting in maximum biological efficiency, fastest mycelial run, primordial initiation and highest average fruit body weight. All the experiments were found statistically significant except the experiment that was performed for evaluating the optimum quantity of substrate for bag preparation. There was not much difference in the obtained yields with respect to increase in the amounts of substrate. So, growing this mushroom from the obtained best results will result in better production with higher income even for the marginal farmers in subtropical zones of world.
Antifungal activities of the three mushrooms Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus florida and Schizophyllum commune ethanol extracts were evaluated against some plant pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria solani, Colletotrichum graminicola, Fusarium oxysporum) by using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was investigated for 1-20 mg/ml concentration to find out the lowest concentration of the sample that inhibits the growth of the test organisms. The standard agar dilution protocol with doubling dilution was used. The result revealed that the three mushrooms extract used in the present investigation possessed varying degrees of antifungal activities against the test plant pathogenic fungi. Ethanolic extract of Pleurotus florida showed highest inhibition activity against Fusarium oxysporu, and S. commune showed maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) against A. niger, while, P. pulmonarius showed maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) against A. solani. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranged between 9.67 and18.98 mg/ml for fungi, the lowest MIC, the extract was still be effective because of the presence of bio-active compounds. The findings revealed that the mushrooms extracts tested in the current work contains potential therapeutic compounds against some of the economically important plant diseases caused by bacteria and fungi.
Present study was carried out to assess efficacy of bio agents and organic ITK’s against post flowering stalk rot at Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan during 2019–20. The results of in vitro studies revealed that Trichoderma viride (65%) significantly inhibited the mycelium growth of Fusarium verticillioides. In field conditions, T. viride showed low disease rating 3.0, low per cent disease incidence (25.20%) and high efficacy of disease control (62.27%) with good grain yield 1191 g/plot against the pathogen at 2% concentrations. Maize growers can protect their crop from this disease by using the sustainable, environmentally friendly disease control strategies that were found in our study.
Curvularia leaf spot of maize (Zea mays L.) caused by Curvularia lunata var. aeria is one of serious foliar diseases of maize. An experimental conducted during 2016–17 at research farm of Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan found that Curvularia showed considerable variation in growth characteristics, colony diameter and rate of sporulation. The maximum colony diameter was 90.0 mm with 11.0 × 104 conidia/mm2. The size measurement of conidia of C. lunata-01 was in range of 60.1–91.9 μm length and width range was 16.2–23.5 μm. Length and width of isolate C. lunata-02 recorded in range of 55.6–79.5 and 14.2–22.5 μm respectively. Host range distribution showed that pathogen has a wide host range in many crops and weeds under artificial inoculation. Seed transmission results showed that Local surya exhibited higher 66.66% seeds borne inoculam while Pratap makka-3 have 40.00% seed borne inoculums of pathogen. Physiopathological studies shows that 25±2°C was optimum temperature for both the isolates. Maximum mycelial growth and sporulation was found at 90% RH followed by 80% in both the isolates. The 22.29% losses in yield due to Curvularia leaf spot was assessed by using Le Clerg model. The present study of pathogen biology could be used by plant pathologists to develop or redesign management strategies for the maize growers.
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