Resumo: O artigo seguinte refere-se a um estudo sobre como ocorre a transmissão psíquica entre as gerações e qual sua importância na constituição psíquica do sujeito. É também objetivo deste artigo explicar o que são as transmissões intergeracional e transgeracional. Para buscar respostas para essas questões, fez-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a transmissão psíquica, pelo viés psicanalítico, principalmente a partir da teoria lacaniana e com conceitos oriundos da linguística saussuriana. Será a partir de uma determinada ordem simbólica, constituída pela linguagem que precede o sujeito, nomeado por Lacan como o Outro, que a transmissão psíquica entre gerações ganhará o seu caráter unívoco, sempre se tendo em mente a importância fundamental do recalcamento e de seus efeitos, bem como do retorno do recalcado nas diferentes gerações. A transmissão psíquica é necessária e concomitante à constituição do sujeito, e ocorre através da linguagem, dos significantes que irão determinar uma ordem simbólica para o ser que nasce através dos diferentes discursos que perpassam as gerações nas figuras dos pais desse novo ser. Essa ordem simbólica continuará a se fazer presente nesse novo sujeito pelo restante de sua existência. Este artigo busca dar nova luz ao aspecto da transmissão psíquica transgeracional, diferenciando-se da recalque s abordagens psicanalíticas contemporâneas por ser uma leitura lacaniana. Serão usados dois exemplos: um de como a transmissão aparece na cultura, outro, na subjetividade do sujeito através da arte. Palavras-chave: Transmissão psíquica entre gerações. Interação simbólica. Constituição do Sujeito. Psicoterapia psicanalítica. Psicanálise. Abstract:The following article refers to a study on how mental transmission occurs between generations and its importance in the psychical constitution. It also aims to explain what are intergenerational and transgenerational transmissions. To answer these questions, there was a literature search on the psychic transmission, the psychoanalytical view, especially from the lacanian theory and Saussure's concepts. It will be from a particular symbolic order constituted by the language that precedes the subject, appointed by Lacan as the Other, that the psychic transmission between generations will obtain univocal character, always bearing in mind the fundamental importance of repression and its effects and the return of the repressed in other generations. The transmission is a necessary and concomitant psychic constitution of the subject through language, through the signifiers that will determine a symbolic order for the one to be born, through the different discourses that are transmitted beyond generations by the parents of this new being. This symbolic order will continue to be present in this new subject for the remainder of its existence. This article seeks to shed new light on the issue of intergenerational psychic transmission, which differentiates it from contemporary psychoanalytic approaches as a lacanian reading. Two examples will be given: one on how ...
A recent change in the ISO 7206-2, Implants for Surgery – Partial and Total Hip Joint Prostheses – Part 2: Articulating Surfaces Made of Metallic, Ceramic and Plastics Materials, with regard to hip joint prostheses, altered the recommended cutoff for measuring the roughness of the articulating surfaces of the femoral head and acetabular cup but did not encompass two key sites: the bore head and the trunnion. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the standardized parameters and sites established in ISO 7206-2 are appropriate for evaluating the quality of the surface finish of total hip arthroplasty implants. Three kits containing the polymeric acetabular components, metallic heads, and stems from 5 manufacturers were used for testing. Contact profilometry was performed on the internal acetabular cup, external head, head bore, and trunnion surfaces. Additionally, the external head surface was evaluated with an interferometer to increase the accuracy. The evaluation of the external surface of the femoral head with a profilometer seems to be inadequate, because of a limitation of the contact method associated with highly polished surfaces. The average roughness (Ra) values obtained with an interferometer were lower than those measured with the profilometer and revealed significant differences between the manufacturers. The use of an 0.80-mm cutoff is more appropriate for the Ra range normally found for acetabular cups, enhancing the power to detect acetabular cups with inadequate roughness. The absence of a standard for the surface finish of the stem-head interface generates heterogeneity between manufacturers and between samples produced by a single manufacturer, revealing a lack of quality control.
Femoral stem fractures in total hip arthroplasty (THA) are a problem in clinical practice that results in great morbidity and high cost of revision hip surgery. Stem fractures are multifactorial events that are usually related to a combination of factors that increase the mechanical stress on the stem or decrease the mechanical strength of the implant. Failure analyses of hip prosthesis have identified that the presence of inadequate grain size may lead to implant failure. The aim of this article is to develop a rational to set specific sites to perform grain size measurements along stems used in THA as well as appropriate procedures to evaluate the heterogeneity of the microstructure related to the grain size distribution. In the present study, nonmodular femoral stems from three manufacturers with different wrought materials were chosen: stainless steel ISO 5832-1 (Manufacturer I), high nitrogen stainless steel ISO 5832-9 (Manufacturer II), and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy ISO 5832-12 (Manufacturer III). The results of this study showed a great variability of grain size number depending on the cross section and fields evaluated. Therefore, the current technical standards for evaluating THA stems need to be modified. Analyses of grain sizes at different cross sections and inside each cross section of the stem is necessary to ensure the safety of hip stems.
The effectiveness of Ilizarov external fixators in osteosynthesis of fractured bones depends on the pre-tension applied to the transosseous wires. The pre-tension on these wires depends on the initial torque applied to the slotted bolts, which occasionally fracture during clinical setup. There is no standard method to determine the risk of failure of these bolts. This study aimed to develop a test to evaluate the mechanical strength of these bolts by imitating a bolt-wire-ring-nut configuration of an Ilizarov fixator. The fracture micromechanisms of the slotted bolts were investigated to understand the mechanical forces involved. This resulted in a reference group (Group III). Then, with these fracture characteristics, a new bolt-wire-ring-nut test was developed to mimic use in an Ilizarov fixator. Eleven slotted bolts were tested (Group II). The new test results were compared with a standardized screw torsion test (Group I) according to ASTM F543, Standard Specification and Test Methods for Metallic Medical Bone Screws. The mechanical strengths of Groups I and II were analyzed statistically. Additionally, the fracture micromechanisms of all groups were investigated. The bolts tested according to ASTM F543 (Group I) showed values with less dispersion compared with those in Group II; however, there were no statistically significant differences between their maximum torques. The bolts submitted to the new test (Group II) showed similar fracture surfaces as those in Group III, distinct from Group I. The results indicate that the new torsion test is more clinically relevant and reliable when checking whether the slotted bolts are liable to fracture during clinical setup.
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