Growth curves have been developed for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) in several countries. However, in order to facilitate the preparation of clinical guidelines it is necessary to verify the eligibility of these curves. The search was conducted according to the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). It was conducted between July 2012 and June 2013 in MEDLINE/PubMed and BIREME. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to identify the studies and a total of 16 relevant articles were selected. The aspects analyzed in the articles consisted of sample size, number of observations, age group, anthropometric variables, standard deviation scores (SDS), type of study, collection and analysis of data, participants, inclusion/exclusion criteria and outcomes. The mean, standard deviations (SDs) and percentiles for sex and age were used to develop the curve of weight, height, and head circumference. The individuals with DS presented growth between -0.4 and -4.0 SDS in comparison to healthy controls. The variation in these observations can be explained by genetic differences, secular trends in growth and disease status. Regarding the limitations identified, it was observed that most of the studies did not provide data concerning the number of individuals and observations, mean values and respective SDs by sex and age. In addition, most studies did not use LMS methods to evaluate asymmetry, the median and data variability. In conclusion, the results of this review demonstrated that in order to avoid false diagnoses in children and adolescents with DS new growth curves must be developed.
BackgroundThe aim of the study was to verify the association between body composition and physical fitness with bone status in children and adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 healthy students (148 boys, 152 girls). Weight, height, fat and fat-free mass, and percentage of body fat (%BF) were evaluated, as were physical fitness (abdominal exercise, flexibility, and horizontal jump tests) and maximum oxygen consumption. Bone parameters (amplitude-dependent speed of sound; AD-SoS) and the Ultrasound Bone Profile Index (UBPI) were evaluated using DBM Sonic BP ultrasonography.ResultsIn the study group, girls had higher bone parameter values than boys. A univariate analysis assessed in a stepwise multiple regression model was conducted. It showed that for boys, the %BF and height were significant independent variables for AD-SoS and UBPI, but the horizontal jump test only for AD-SoS (adjusted r2 = 0.274; p < 0.001), and pubertal maturation only for UBPI (adjusted r2 = 0.295; p < 0.001). For girls, age and %BF were identified as significant independent variables for AD-SoS and UBPI (adjusted r2 = 0.093; p < 0.001) but height only for AD-SoS (adjusted r2 = 0.408; p < 0.001).ConclusionsVariables related to growth (age, height, and pubertal maturation) are independent positive predictors for the bone parameters in both boys and girls. %BF is an independent negative predictor. For boys, the horizontal jump test was an independent positive predictor for AD-SoS, indicating that physical fitness related to the neuromotor system can influence the amount of bone present.
The aim was to analyse the physical growth and body composition of rhythmic gymnastics athletes relative to their level of somatic maturation. This was a cross-sectional study of 136 athletes on 23 teams from Brazil. Mass, standing height and sitting height were measured. Fat-free and fat masses, body fat percentages and ages of the predicted peak height velocity (PHV) were calculated. The z scores for mass were negative during all ages according to both WHO and Brazilian references, and that for standing height were also negative for all ages according to WHO reference but only until 12 years old according to Brazilian reference. The mean age of the predicted PHV was 12.1 years. The mean mass, standing and sitting heights, body fat percentage, fat-free mass and fat mass increased significantly until 4 to 5 years after the age of the PHV. Menarche was reached in only 26% of these athletes and mean age was 13.2 years. The mass was below the national reference standards, and the standing height was below only for the international reference, but they also had late recovery of mass and standing height during puberty. In conclusion, these athletes had a potential to gain mass and standing height several years after PHV, indicating late maturation.
Este exemplar corresponde à versão final da dissertação defendida pelo aluno VINÍCIUS JUSTINO DE OLIVEIRA BARBETA e orientado pelo PROF. DR. GIL GUERRA JÚNIOR Assinatura do Orientador iv v vi vii RESUMOObjetivo: avaliar a relação da massa óssea com a capacidade cardiorrespiratória e dados antropométricos em estudantes. Casuística e Métodos: Foram incluídos 1.391 estudantes de ambos os sexos (17,6% meninos e 82,4% meninas) com idades de oito e 15 anos do município de Cascavel (PR). Foram avaliados peso (kg), estatura (m), IMC (kg/m 2 ), além de AD-SoS e BTT pela ultrassonografia quantitativa de falanges. A capacidade cardiorrespiratória foi avaliada pelo teste "multistage 20m shuttle run test" para estimar o VO 2 máx (em ml/kg -1 /min -1 ).A maturação sexual foi obtida por meio da auto-avaliação. A avaliação da composição corporal foi realizada por dobras cutâneas, com cálculos de percentual de gordura (%G), massa livre de gordura (MLG) e massa gorda (MG). Resultados: Com o avanço da idade e dos estadios maturacionais foram observados aumentos significativos nas variáveis antropométricas, na massa óssea e diminuição do VO 2 máx , principalmente para as meninas. AD-SoS e BTT apresentaram correlações positivas com idade, peso, estatura e MLG para ambos os sexos. Para o sexo feminino, idade, maturação, MLG e IMC explicam 48% da variabilidade do AD-SoS, já idade, estatura e maturação explicam 47% da variabilidade do BTT. Para o sexo masculino, estatura, %G e maturação explicam 44% da variabilidade do AD-SoS, já MLG, IMC e maturação explicam 49% da variabilidade do BTT. Conclusão: Apenas as variáveis antropométricas e de composição corporal influenciou a massa óssea, tanto para sexo feminino quanto para o sexo masculino.
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