RESUMO:Com a pesquisa se objetivou avaliar atributos do solo e o desempenho de culturas após 20 anos de condução em dois sistemas de manejo em Cambissolo Húmico no sul do Brasil. Avaliaram-se a semeadura direta (SD) e o preparo convencional (PC) nos cultivos de milho (Zea mays), feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) e soja (Glycine max), em dois anos agrícolas. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em três camadas ao final do segundo cultivo, enquanto as avaliações das características agronômicas de plantas foram feitas ao final de cada cultivo. A SD reduziu a densidade do solo e aumentou a porosidade total, estabilidade de agregados e grau de floculação da argila, porém diminuiu a macroporosidade na superfície do solo. Na SD, maiores acúmulos de fósforo ocorreram até 0,05 m, cálcio e magnésio até 0,1 m e potássio e carbono orgânico até 0,2 m de profundidade, em relação ao PC e apresentou gradiente de acidificação do solo a partir da superfície. Diferenças no desempenho das culturas ocorreram no segundo ano, constatando-se no PC redução no rendimento de grãos de soja e milho e na massa de mil grãos de feijão em comparação à SD. Os cultivos de feijão e soja produziram baixa quantidade de biomassa de parte aérea, independente do manejo do solo, enquanto o milho produziu alta quantidade e maior biomassa na SD do que no PC. Palavras-chave: conservação do solo; manejo do solo; plantio diretoEffects on soil and crops after 20 years of conventional and zero tillage ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to evaluate soil properties and performance of crops after 20 years of cultivation in two management systems in a Humic Cambisol in the south of Brazil. No-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were evaluated during the cultivation of maize (Zea mays), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max), in two years. Soil samples were collected in three layers at the end of the second year, while the determinations of agronomic traits were carried at the end of each year. NT decreased soil bulk density and increased total porosity, aggregate stability and clay flocculation degree, however it decreased macroporosity at the soil surface. In NT higher accumulations of phosphorus occurred up to 0.05 m, calcium and magnesium up to 0.1 m and potassium and organic carbon up to 0.2 m depth compared to CT, and it had a gradient of soil acidification from the surface. Differences in the performance of crops occurred in the second year, being verified in CT a reduction of grain yield of soybean and corn and lower thousand-grain mass of beans compared to NT. Bean and soybean produced low amount of above-ground biomass, independent of soil management, while maize produced high amount and higher biomass in NT than CT.
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