One of the aims of the research in the field of the humancomputer interaction is the design of a natural and intuitive interaction modalities. In particular, many efforts have been devoted in the development of systems able to interact with the user in natural language. Chatbots are the classical interfaces for natural language interaction. Such systems can be very sophisticated, including support for 3D avatars and speech analysis and synthesis. However, all of them present only a text area allowing the user to input her sentences. No doubt, an interaction involving also the natural language can increase the comfort of the userwith respect to common interfaces using only graphical widgets. However, multi-modal communication must be preferred in all those situations when the user and the system have a tight interaction. Typical examples are cultural heritages applications (intelligent museum guides, picture browsing) or systems presenting to the user an information integrated from different sources as in the case of the iGoogle(TM) interface. In this work we present the Graphical Artificial Intelligence Markup Language, an extension of AIML allowing merging of verbal and graphical interaction modalities. A chatbot system, Graphbot, is also presented that is able to support this language. The language is able to define personalized interface patterns that are the most suitable ones in relation to the type of data exchanged between the user and the system during the dialogue.
The diffusion of computer technologies in everyday life has involved the birth of standard methodologies to control their development. Indeed, the purpose of standardization procedures consists of providing rules aimed to control technologies leaving no space for empirical improvisations. In general, medical software manufacturers provide their applications with Graphic User Interfaces (GUI) that are not compliant with any clear and standard usability criterion. The only guideline is the creation of GUIs inherited from the ones adopted on medical consoles because physicians use them routinely. This paper addresses this issue: medical software interfaces should be designed trying to overcome the limitations described above. The DICOM standard provides useful mechanisms to transfer medical data by instantiating the related classes and methods. The standard could be extended introducing new data and service models in order to create abstract GUI classes and instantiate them automatically depending on the medical data the physicians would like to analyze
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