A comparative study was conducted to estimate biodiesel productivity of five varieties of castor beans: Ricinus communis zanzibariensis {white black} (castor 1), Ricinus communis sanguineus (castor 2), Ricinus communis carmencita (castor 3), Ricinus communis zanzibariensis {dark black} (castor 4) and Ricinus communis {black Tanzania}(castor 5). The castor beans were preheated to a temperature between 22 and 33 ° C and then pressed with a manual hydraulic press, under 170 bars. The oil obtained was subjected to the transesterification reaction with methanol (99.98% pure) in a proportion of 5: 1 in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst (10,672g) for 02 hours at temperature between 60 and 70 °C. Purification was performed by reacting the methyl ester formed with heated water (55 °C) and acetic acid. The density, the kinematic viscosity at 21 ° C and the proportion of residual soap were determined later. The results for five castor varieties showed that the oil yields varied from 24 to 26.96 %; the volume of methyl ester was higher with castor 4 and lower with castor 5 but there was no significant difference in the biodiesel yields. Castor 2 has the best yield of biodiesel (93.5%), followed by castor 5 (92.5%), castor 3 (91%), castor 1 (90.75 %) and castor 4 (90%). Therefore castor oil 2 has a better potential for biodiesel production.
This study seeks to explore the policy and institutional frameworks including regulations and standards in promoting sustainability. The paper reports an on-going study on how policies, regulations and standards promotes adoption of sustainable building materials and technologies in relation to utilization of location specific materials and their effects on carbon sequestration potential of the natural ecosystem. The study set to establish the building materials sustainability selection criteria techniques, and supporting policies and institutional frameworks. There are 14 sustainability selection techniques available for application by built environment practitioners. Over 20 policies exists in Kenya that addresses climate change, built environment and urbanization against which to evaluate uptake and effectiveness of building materials sustainability selection criteria techniques. This study is purposive in nature as such, key informant questionnaire assisted tool was used. Our findings demonstrate that 77.4% sampled built environment practitioners did not appreciate that current policies adequately support adoption of emerging building technologies. There is low uptake coupled with ineffective sustainability selection criteria techniques. The study recommends review of existing legislations to accommodate emerging technologies and selection criteria tools, financing of pilot projects, standardization of building materials sustainability selection criteria techniques, training and sensitization, and inventory of building materials and sources.
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