Uptake of breast cancer screening is lowest in areas of London with many hard to reach communities. This report evaluates two interventions to improve uptake of breast cancer screening in the Royal London Borough of Greenwich with many hard to reach communities. The interventions involved splitting 2,004 women eligible for screening into two groups. Group 1 who were sent letter only invites has a target group (n=1,452) and eligible women screened were (n=878). Whilst, group 2 who were sent letter invites combined with Short Message service (SMS) reminder has a target group (n=552) and eligible women screened were (n=376). The result shows a significant difference in attendance rates between the two invitation methods. The screening uptake by the women who received invitation letter only had an attendance rate of 60 percent (table1). The screening uptake by the women who received invitation letter and SMS reminder was 68 percent (table 2). This amounts to 8 percent differential rate, which translates to an additional 44 women who were screened, as a direct result of receiving an SMS reminder. Applying the achieved result to the "Letter Only" group indicates that an additional 12 women would theoretically have been screened if the 'Letter only' invites were also sent with SMS reminder. An overall 2.54 percentage point increase in screening outcome was achieved when compared the uptake in the months of the project (July to Dec 2011) with the uptake in similar months in 2010. Finally, the results prove that intervention by letter invite combined with SMS reminder is the most effective method of improving uptake of breast cancer screening in the borough with many hard to reach communities.
Background: A preliminary review of literature for this study shows that the use of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) as plant medicine is common among Africans but there are no scientific evidence to support its uses to prevent or treat common medical conditions. The main purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine the various uses and outcomes of Garcinia kola ( G . kola ) among people of Oshimili North in the Delta State of Nigeria. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was based on a structured questionnaire for adults aged 18 and above ( n = 274) in Oshimili North local government area of Delta State of Nigeria. Likert scale data were coded as follows: 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree and 5 = strongly agree. As Likert-type data are usually ordinal data, which make more sense when converted to interval data. The converted ordinal data were analyzed using SPSS computer software. Ethical requirement including the administration of information sheet, written informed consent, and the provision of confidentiality was ensured. Results: The analysis of results show that the benefits derived from ingesting bitter kola were rated high for cough, bacterial or viral infection and anticancer. The results also show that most of the respondents consider bitter kola having low benefits for relieving food poison, diarrhea or stomach upset. Chi-square results show no association between gender and perceived benefits of bitter kola for relieving these conditions. In addition, results show that females perceive benefits derive from ingesting bitter kola as low as an aphrodisiac whereas males consider it as average. Chi-square results show significant association between gender and perceived benefits of bitter kola as an aphrodisiac. Conclusion: The study found that Garcinia kola acts as anti-bacteria, anti-virus and provides protection against cancer. However, this study could not find any conclusive evidence to support the age long claim of bitter kola as treatment for food poison, diarrhea or stomach upset and aphrodisiac (libido).
Purpose -The issue of discrimination in Afghanistan is pervasive, and the present report focuses on gender discrimination in employment deemed particularly important for immediate policy intervention by the international community. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the measures taken to eliminate gender discrimination in employment since the American-led invasion in 2001. Design/methodology/approach -The paper is a literature review with potential to inform policy change to improve the employment situation of rural Afghan women. Although there is paucity of data on many facets of Afghan society, this paper synthesises available information regarding measures to improve employment for Afghan women and discusses factors that should be considered in future employment policies.Findings -This paper establishes that many rural Afghan women today experience cultural and religious barriers to employment. The paper argues that much as there have been significant improvements in the employment situation of Afghan women living in cities since the US-led invasion, rural Afghan women still suffer from inequality in employment. In addition, the paper finds that the barriers to employment opportunities confronting rural Afghan women today stem from existing cultural and religious practices. Practical implications -The current Afghan Government and international community should pursue policies that would terminate the cultural and religious practices that violate Afghan women's employment rights. Originality/value -The most valuable part of this paper is the new insight into gender discrimination in employment in the run up to the ten-year anniversary of the ousting of the repressive Taliban regime. The paper's findings would serve as input for the current government's efforts to address gender discrimination in Afghanistan.
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