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IntroductionThe increase in global warming and its associated impacts on climate change due to fossil fuel combustion has created a sense of urgency among energy leaders, organizations and many different private and government institutions. There is need to find different measures to combat the climate change 1, 2 . According to Article 2, paragraph 1 in the Paris Agreement, there are two things which has to be done in order to mitigate climate change:" a Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change and b Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions de

Bifunctional solid catalysts facilitate the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) into alkyl esters alongside the transesterification reaction, which allows for the use of waste vegetable oils with high water and FFA contents for biodiesel production. This makes the process economically viable and greener, as the waste fats and oils are readily available. The concurrent esterification and transesterification of waste palm oil (WPO) and waste sunflower oil (WSO) with methanol was investigated in the presence of calcium oxide on alumina catalyst in a conventional batch process. The catalyst characterization showed the existence of calcium oxide aluminates (calcined at 750 °C), which exhibited crystalline phases with porous/spongy-like particles. The high concentration of CaO in CaO/Al2O3 was a favorable support material in the heterogeneously-catalyzed transesterification reactions. The optimum catalyst parameters for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were observed at 65 °C for 4 h with a methanol-to-oil ratio of 9:1, 60% (waste palm oil, or WPO) and 80% (waste sunflower oil, or WSO), CaO/Al2O3 (% wt/wt) catalyst ratio as well as 4% CaO/Al2O3 concentration (% wt.) for WSO and WPO. The simultaneous esterification/transesterification reactions at optimum conditions on WPO and WSO led to high yield of FAMEs of 89, 61 and 55% for WPO and 54, 75 and 98% for WSO at catalyst ratios (wt %) of 60, 70 and 80% respectively. The use of bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst (CaO/Al2O3) with waste vegetable oil can result in high performance and the upscaling of biodiesel production.

Cervical cancer is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV-16/18. Over 1 million women worldwide are diagnosed with cervical cancer and approximately 90% of all death occurred in low-and middle-income