No abstract

Abstract. Evaluating a Boolean conjunctive query q against a guarded first-order theory ϕ is equivalent to checking whether ϕ ∧ ¬q is unsatisfiable. This problem is relevant to the areas of database theory and description logic. Since q may not be guarded, well known results about the decidability, complexity, and finite-model property of the guarded fragment do not obviously carry over to conjunctive query answering over guarded theories, and had been left open in general. By investigating finite guarded bisimilar covers of hypergraphs and relational structures, and by substantially generalising Rosati's finite chase, we prove for guarded theories ϕ and (unions of) conjunctive queries q that (i) ϕ |= q iff ϕ |= fin q, that is, iff q is true in every finite model of ϕ and (ii) determining whether ϕ |= q is 2EXPTIME-complete. We further show the following results: (iii) the existence of polynomial-size conformal covers of arbitrary hypergraphs; (iv) a new proof of the finite model property of the clique-guarded fragment; (v) the small model property of the guarded fragment with optimal bounds; (vi) a polynomial-time solution to the canonisation problem modulo guarded bisimulation, which yields (vii) a capturing result for guarded bisimulation invariant PTIME.

Probabilistic programming languages are used for developing statistical models, and they typically consist of two components: a specification of a stochastic process (the prior), and a specification of observations that restrict the probability space to a conditional subspace (the posterior). Use cases of such formalisms include the development of algorithms in machine learning and artificial intelligence. We propose and investigate an extension of Datalog for specifying statistical models, and establish a declarative probabilistic-programming paradigm over databases. Our proposed extension provides convenient mechanisms to include common numerical probability functions; in particular, conclusions of rules may contain values drawn from such functions. The semantics of a program is a probability distribution over the possible outcomes of the input database with respect to the program. Observations are naturally incorporated by means of integrity constraints over the extensional and intensional relations. The resulting semantics is robust under different chases and invariant to rewritings that preserve logical equivalence.

A well-established and fundamental insight in database theory is that negation (also known as complementation) tends to make queries difficult to process and difficult to reason about. Many basic problems are decidable and admit practical algorithms in the case of unions of conjunctive queries, but become difficult or even undecidable when queries are allowed to contain negation. Inspired by recent results in finite model theory, we consider a restricted form of negation, guarded negation. We introduce a fragment of SQL, called GN-SQL, as well as a fragment of Datalog with stratified negation, called GN-Datalog, that allow only guarded negation, and we show that these query languages are computationally well behaved, in terms of testing query containment, query evaluation, open-world query answering, and boundedness. GN-SQL and GN-Datalog subsume a number of well known query languages and constraint languages, such as unions of conjunctive queries, monadic Datalog, and frontier-guarded tgds. In addition, an analysis of standard benchmark workloads shows that many uses of negation in SQL in practice are guarded.

The model theory of finite structures is intimately connected to various fields in computer science, including complexity theory, databases, and verification. In particular, there is a close relationship between complexity classes and the expressive power of logical languages, as witnessed by the fundamental theorems of descriptive complexity theory, such as Fagin's Theorem and the ImmermanVardi Theorem (see [78, Chapter 3] for a survey).However, for many applications, the strict limitation to finite structures has turned out to be too restrictive, and there have been considerable efforts to extend the relevant logical and algorithmic methodologies from finite structures to suitable classes of infinite ones. In particular this is the case for databases and verification where infinite structures are of crucial importance [130]. Algorithmic model theory aims to extend in a systematic fashion the approach and methods of finite model theory, and its interactions with computer science, from finite structures to finitely-presentable infinite ones.There are many possibilities to present infinite structures in a finite manner. A classical approach in model theory concerns the class of computable structures; these are countable structures, on the domain of natural numbers, say, with a finite collection of computable functions and relations. Such structures can be finitely presented by a collection of algorithms, and they have been intensively studied in model theory since the 1960s. However, from the point of view of algorithmic model theory the class of computable structures is problematic. Indeed, one of the central issues in algorithmic model theory is the effective evaluation of logical formulae, from a suitable logic such as, for instance, first-order logic (FO), monadic second-order logic (MSO), or a fixed point logic like LFP or the modal µ-calculus. But on computable structures, only the quantifier-free formulae generally admit effective evaluation, and already the existential fragment of first-order logic is undecidable, for instance on the computable structure (N, +, · ).This leads us to the central requirement that for a suitable logic L (depending on the intended application) the model-checking problem for the class C of finitely presented structures should be algorithmically solvable. At the very 1