Background COVID-19 has created an extraordinary global health crisis. However, with limited understanding of the effects of COVID-19 during pregnancy, clinicians and patients are forced to make uninformed decisions. Objectives To systematically evaluate the literature and report the maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with COVID-19.

Background Virtual reality is increasingly being utilized by clinicians to facilitate analgesia and anxiolysis within an inpatient setting. There is however, a lack of a clinically relevant review to guide its use for this purpose. Objective To systematically review the current evidence for the efficacy of virtual reality as an analgesic in the management of acute pain and anxiolysis in an inpatient setting. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted up to and including January 2019 on PubMed, Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Search terms included virtual reality, vr, and pain. Primary articles with a focus on acute pain in the clinical setting were considered for the review. Primary outcome measures included degree of analgesia afforded by virtual reality therapy, degree of anxiolysis afforded by virtual reality therapy, effect of virtual reality on physiological parameters, side effects precipitated by virtual reality, virtual reality content type, and type of equipment utilized. Results Eighteen studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in this systematic review; 67% (12/18) of studies demonstrated significant reductions in pain with the utilization of virtual reality; 44% (8/18) of studies assessed the effects of virtual reality on procedural anxiety, with 50% (4/8) of these demonstrating significant reductions; 28% (5/18) of studies screened for side effects with incidence rates of 0.5% to 8%; 39% (7/18) of studies evaluated the effects of virtual reality on autonomic arousal as a biomarker of pain, with 29% (2/7) demonstrating significant changes; 100% (18/18) of studies utilized a head mounted display to deliver virtual reality therapy, with 50% being in active form (participants interacting with the environment) and 50% being in passive form (participants observing the content only). Conclusions Available evidence suggests that virtual reality therapy can be applied to facilitate analgesia for acute pain in a variety of inpatient settings. Its effects, however, are likely to vary by patient population and indication. This highlights the need for individualized pilot testing of virtual reality therapy’s effects for each specific clinical use case rather than generalizing its use for the broad indication of facilitating analgesia. In addition, virtual reality therapy has the added potential of concurrently providing procedural anxiolysis, thereby improving patient experience and cooperation, while being associated with a low incidence of side effects (nausea, vomiting, eye strain, and dizziness). Furthermore, findings indicated a head mounted display should be utilized to deliver virtual reality therapy in a clinical setting with a slight preference for active over passive virtual reality for analgesia. There, however, appears to be insufficient evidence to substantiate the effect of virtual reality on autonomic arousal, and this should be considered at best to be for investigational uses, at present.

The following review aims to examine the available evidence to guide best practice in preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). As it stands, there is no single method to completely prevent OHSS. There seems to be a benefit, however, in categorizing women based on their risk of OHSS and individualizing treatments to curtail their chances of developing the syndrome. At present, both Anti-Müllerian Hormone and the antral follicle count seem to be promising in this regard. Both available and upcoming therapies are also reviewed to give a broad perspective to clinicians with regard to management options. At present, we recommend the use of a “step-up” regimen for ovulation induction, adjunct metformin utilization, utilizing a GnRH agonist as an ovulation trigger, and cabergoline usage. A summary of recommendations is also made available for ease of clinical application. In addition, areas for potential research are also identified where relevant.

Implementing medical devices into a clinical setting is a complex and lengthy process. Existing models, such as Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation, try to elucidate this process, however, need to be updated to the evolving healthcare context as fewer than 7% of devices achieve implementation. The aim of this systematic review was to describe the barriers to diffusion in relation to this model to understand why so few technologies are implemented and how to address these challenges to mitigate risk during the translation process. To do this, we searched PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases for studies published between 01/01/1999 -30/10/2019. Theoretical and application studies were included, and thematic analysis was employed using the Braun and Clarke framework to generate broad themes from the specific concepts described by included studies. A total of 33 articles were eligible for inclusion. Innovation processes constituting an obstacle to diffusion included: technology-specific challenges (8/33), clinical evidence/uncertainty (5/33), regulatory affairs (6/33), health technology assessment (7/33), reimbursement (15/33), and adoption (6/33). The factors that contributed to these themes were identified as being associated to the 11 tenets of Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation. This allowed the discussion of the identified barriers to medical device diffusion in relation with the Rogers' model. This analysis enabled the development and proposal of a framework that incorporates considerations within commercialization and translation strategies for these barriers to ultimately facilitate medical technology implementation.

BackgroundNon-invasive fetal electrocardiogram (NIFECG) is an evolving technology in fetal surveillance which is attracting increasing research interest. There is however, only limited data outlining the reference ranges for normal cardiac time intervals (CTIs). The objective of our group was to carry out a systematic review to outline normal fetal CTIs using NIFECG.MethodsA systematic review of peer reviewed literature was performed, searching PUBMED,Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE. The outcomes of interest included fetal CTIs (P wave duration, PR interval, QRS duration and QT interval) and a descriptive summary of relevant studies as well. The outcomes were grouped as early pre-term (≤ 32 weeks), moderate to late pre-term (32–37 weeks) and term (37–41 weeks).Results8 studies were identified as suitable for inclusion. Reference ranges of CTIs were generated. Both PR interval and QRS duration demonstrated a linear correlation with advancing gestation. Several studies also demonstrated a reduction in signal acquisition between 27 and 32 weeks due to the attenuation by vernix caseosa. In this group, both the P wave and T waves were difficult to detect due to signal strength and interference.ConclusionNIFECG demonstrates utility to quantify CTIs in the fetus, particularly at advanced gestations. Larger prospective studies should be directed towards establishing reliable CTIs across various gestations.

Background Early Health Technology Assessment (EHTA) is an evolving field in health policy which aims to provide decision support and mitigate risk during early medical device innovation. The clinician is a key stakeholder in this process and their role has traditionally been confined to assessing device efficacy and safety alone. There is however, no data exploring their role in this process and how they can contribute towards it. This motivated us to carry out a systematic review to delineate the role of the clinician in EHTA as per the PRISMA guidelines. Methods A systematic search of peer reviewed literature was undertaken across PUBMED, OVID Medline and Web of science up till June 2018. Studies that were suitable for inclusion focused on clinician input in health technology assessment or early medical device innovation . A qualitative approach was utilised to generate themes on how clinicians could contribute in general and specific areas of EHTA. Data was manually extracted by the authors and themes were agreed in consensus using a grounded theory framework. The specific stages included: All stages of EHTA, Basic research on mechanisms, Targeting for specific product, Proof of principle and Prototype and product development. Bias was assessed utilising the NICE Qualitative checklist. Results A total of 33 articles met the inclusion criteria for the review. Areas identified in which the clinicians could contribute to EHTA included: i) needs driven problem solving, ii) conformity assessment of MDs, iii) economic evaluation of MDs and iv) addressing the conflicts in interest. For clinicians’ input across the various specific areas of EHTA, an innovation framework was generated based on the subthemes extracted. Conclusions The following review has identified the various segments in which clinicians can contribute to EHTA to inform stakeholders and has also proposed an innovation framework. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-019-4305-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

external cephalic version (ecV) is associated with a moderate degree of pain. Virtual reality (VR) is a technology that has shown promise in offering procedural analgesia. We undertook a clinical pilot to assess the viability of VR to reduce pain during ECV. In an open randomised controlled trial (RCT), we randomised 50 women to either VR or standard care each (25 per group). Women receiving VR were administered VR content (Skylights) via a headset. Pre-and post-procedural measures of pain, anxiety, device experience and vital signs were measured. There were no significant differences between groups (VR/no VR) in pain scores (60.68 vs 49.76; p = 0.2), ECV success rates (80% vs 76%; p = 0.7) or anxiety levels. The women receiving VR had a significantly higher anticipation of pain pre-procedurally (70.0 vs 50.0; p = 0.03). 20 (80%) of the VR women indicated that they would use VR again and 22 (88%) indicated they would recommend it to a friend having ECV. There were no significant differences between groups for side effects encountered or changes in vital signs. We have shown that using VR during ecV is feasible and appears safe. our results inform the design of future Rcts. open Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:3141 | https://doi.

Ovarian reserve tests (ORTs) have become part of the antecedent workup for individuals undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART). In 1988, the foundations for ORTs were first laid by studies indicating a potential role for basal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in predicting pregnancy. 1Since then basal FSH measurement has gone on to become the most commonly used marker of ovarian reserve.2 Given the synergistic interplay of both FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) in ovarian physiology which ARTs attempt to mimic, it is of interest that LH has not been explored in the same capacity. This review aims to illustrate the physiological role played by LH in folliculogenesis and critically review the available literature to determine if LH does indeed have a role in ovarian reserve testing. OVARIAN RESERVE TESTINGThe term ovarian reserve aims to correlate reproductive potential with the number and quality of remaining oocytes in women of reproductive age.3 Ovarian reserve testing aims to quantify this relationship by measuring either oocyte quality, quantity or the ability for an individual to achieve pregnancy. These tests can be conducted either through biochemical means or through ultrasonographic measures. ABSTRACTBackground: Ovarian physiology illustrates the synergistic interaction between luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in the process of folliculogenesis. While follicle stimulating hormone has been well established as a marker of ovarian reserve, the role of luteinizing hormone has remained somewhat controversial and it seems to have become the 'forgotten gonadotropin'. The following review aims to investigate the available evidence surrounding luteinizing hormone as an ovarian reserve test and examine the issues which need to be addressed in order to establish it as an ovarian reserve test. It then further attempts to propose a model to direct effective research to ascertain if it does have a role to play in ovarian reserve testing. Findings: The evidence is equivocal in the use of luteinizing hormone as an independent predictor of ovarian reserve. However, there is much stronger evidence to suggest that the follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone ratio is a useful marker of ovarian reserve-in particular when it is ≥2 and approaching 3. The evidence base for this ratio at present however is sparse. In addition, ovarian reserve tests are fraught with issues over reliability, accuracy, definition and the implications of testing itself. In order to overcome these issues, more quality research needs to be carried out to test this relationship between luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.