Progressive and inexorable beta-cell dysfunction is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and beta-cell regeneration using stem cell therapy may prove to be an effective modality. A total of 10 patients (8 men) with T2DM for >5 years, failure of triple oral antidiabetic drugs, currently on insulin (> or = 0.7 U/kg/day) at least for 1 year, and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody negative were included. Patients on stable doses of medications for past 3 months were recruited. Primary end points were reduction in insulin requirement by > or = 50% and improvement in glucagon-stimulated C-peptide levels at the end of 6 months of autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell transplantation (SCT), while secondary end points were a change in weight and HbA1c and lipid levels as compared to baseline. Seven patients were responders and showed a reduction in insulin requirement by 75% as compared to baseline. Mean duration to achieve the primary objective was 48 days. Three patients were able to discontinue insulin completely, although it was short-lived in one. Mean HbA1c reduction was 1% and 3 of the 7 responders had HbA1c value <7%. A significant weight loss of 5.5 kg was noted in the responders, whereas, nonresponders gained 2.2 kg of weight. However, weight loss did not correlate with reduction in insulin requirement (r = 0.68, P = 0.06). There was a significant improvement in both fasting and glucagon-stimulated C-peptide level in the group (P = 0.03) and responders (P = 0.03). HOMA-B increased significantly in the whole group (P = 0.02) and responders (P = 0.04) whereas, HOMA-IR did not change significantly (P = 0.74). Reduction in insulin doses correlated with stimulated C-peptide response at the baseline (r = 0.83, P = 0.047) and mononuclear cell count of infused stem cells (r = 0.57, P = 0.04). No serious adverse effects were noted. Our observations indicate that SCT is a safe and effective modality of treatment to improve beta-cell function in patients with T2DM. However, further large-scale studies are needed to substantiate these observations.

We describe clinical, biochemical, radiological profile, and treatment outcome in 97 patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism seen over a period of 18 years. Of the 97 patients, 78 (80%) had idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and 19 (20%) had pseudohypoparathyroidism. The mean age±standard deviation (SD) at presentation was 28.7±14.1 years. There were 52 males, the mean lag time from first reported symptom to diagnosis was 5.9±5.2 years and the mean (±SD) follow-up was 1.8±0.4 years. The most common presenting manifestation was carpopedal spasm in 68 (70%) patients, followed by paresthesia and seizures in 52 (54%) patients. The mean (±SD) serum calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations were 6.1±1.5 mg/dl and 6.3±1.5 mg/dl, respectively. The most common imaging abnormality noted was basal ganglia calcification followed by cerebral cortex and cerebellum calcification. More than one-third of patients were on various antiepileptic drugs including phenytoin. In addition to oral calcium and active vitamin D (calcitriol), twenty-six patients (27%) also required hydrochlorothiazide. The important finding in our study was long lag time from the first reported symptom to diagnosis. Phenytoin was the drug in almost one- third of our patients with seizures. Practicing clinicians should have high index of suspicion of diagnosis hypoparathyroidism in the appropriate clinical states to avoid the morbidity associated with hypoparathyroidism. Phenytoin should be avoided in patients with hypoparathyroidism and seizures.

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Context:Conventional treatment of hypoparathyroidism with calcium, Vitamin D analogs, and thiazide diuretics is often suboptimal, and these patients have poor quality of life. Teriparatide (parathyroid hormone 1–34 [PTH (1–34)]), an amide of PTH, is widely available for the use in osteoporosis; however, its use in hypoparathyroidism is limited.Aims:The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of PTH (1–34) in the treatment of patients with hypoparathyroidism.Settings and Design:This was a prospective, open-label interventional study in a tertiary care hospital of Indian Armed Forces.Subjects and Methods:All patients with hypoparathyroidism presented to the endocrinology outpatient department were included and were exhibited injection PTH (1–34) 20 μg twice daily that was gradually reduced to 10 μg twice daily along with calcium, active Vitamin D (alfacalcidol), and hydrochlorothiazide. Oral calcium and alfacalcidol doses were also reduced to maintain serum calcium within normal range. The quality of life (QOL) score was calculated using RAND 36 QOL questionnaire at baseline and termination of the study.Statistical Analysis Used:Paired t-test was used to calculate pre- and post-treatment variables.Results:Eight patients (two males) were included in this study having mean age of 35.8 years. PTH (1–34) treatment led to the improvement in serum calcium (6.81–8.84 mg/dl), phosphorous (5.8–4.2 mg/dl), and 24 h urinary calcium excretion (416–203.6 mg). Parameters of QOL showed the improvement in overall QOL, physical performance, energy, and fatigue scores. No major adverse events were noted.Conclusions:Treatment of hypoparathyroidism with PTH (1–34) leads to improvement in calcium profile, reduction in hypercalciuria, and improvement in QOL, whereas it is safe and well tolerated.

Background:Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and hormonal dysfunction. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial comparing the effects of metformin, oral contraceptive pills (OCP) and their combination in PCOS.Materials and Methods:We randomized 90 newly diagnosed PCOS (age 18–40 year, symptom duration >6 months) patients into three groups (Group 1–Metformin, Group 2–OCP, and Group 3– Metformin + OCP) in this prospective study. We excluded patients with past use of insulin sensitizers and hormone therapy. We evaluated for the hyperandrogenism (acne, acanthosis, hirsutism, and hormone panel), IR by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and ferritin), and body composition (% fat, android/gynoid ratio) markers at baseline and 6 months after therapy. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:The study population had a mean age 23.2 ± 4.4 years and body mass index of 28.4 ± 6.1 kg/m2. The improvement in the clinical parameters was similar in all the groups. The combination therapy showed a better response in reducing inflammatory markers, IR, and body composition than either of the groups using a single drug. Metformin alone has resulted in a minor reduction of the androgens. None of the patients developed significant adverse effect to the given therapy.Conclusion:PCOS is managed with either metformin or OCP in many patients. The combination improves the hyperandrogenism, body composition, and reduces the inflammatory markers.

SummaryThe authors report a 36-year-old male who presented with headache and hypopituitarism, and MRI revealed a ring enhancing lesion with pituitary stalk thickening. During follow-up, he presented with recurrent pyogenic meningitis with persistence of the lesion, therefore a diagnosis of pituitary abscess was considered. He underwent trans-sphenoidal surgery (TSS) with evacuation of pus and received antibiotic treatment for the same. After this he remarkably improved and had no recurrence of symptoms. He is on levothyroxine, glucocorticoids and testosterone replacement therapy for his respective hormone deficits. BACKGROUND

Background:there are dearths of studies describing the effect of autologous bone marrow derived stem cell transplantation (ABMSCT) through targeted approach in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This study reports the efficacy and safety of super-selective injection of ABMSCT in T2DM.Materials and Methods:Ten patients (8 men and 2 women) with T2DM, with duration of disease >5 years and with documented triple drug failure receiving insulin (0.7 U/Kg/day), metformin and pioglitazone underwent super-selective injection of stem cells into superior pancreaticoduodenal artery under fluoroscopic guidance. The primary outcome measure was decrease in insulin requirement by ≥50% (defined as responders), while secondary endpoints were improvement in glucagon stimulated C-peptide levels, changes in weight, HbA1c, lipid profile and quality of life (QOL) at the end of 15 months.Results:Six patients (60%) were ‘responders’ at 15 months of follow-up showing a reduction in mean insulin requirement by 74% as compared to baseline and one patient was off-insulin till the end of the study. Mean HbA1c reduction in ‘responders’ was 1.1% (8.1 ± 0.5% to 7.0 ± 0.6%, P = 0.03), accompanied with a significant improvement in glucagon stimulated C-peptide levels (P = 0.03), Homeostasis Model Assessment -β (P = 0.03) and QOL scores. However, ‘non-responders’ did not show any significant alterations in these parameters. No serious adverse events were noted.Conclusion:Our observations indicate that ABMSCT is effective in management of T2DM and its efficacy is maintained over a period of 15 months without any adverse events. However, more number of patients and longer duration of follow-up are required to substantiate these observations.

Prompt steroid therapy following early recognition by high clinical suspicion and measurement of antithyroid antibody titers can lead to a favorable prognosis in SREAT.