The oral and dental health of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been well documented and the findings are conflicting. Patients with PD were invited to take part in a clinical and radiographic examination together with a comparison control group of persons who were a spouse or family member. Subjects (n = 67) and controls (n = 55) were examined and compared. Subjects with PD had more missing teeth, caries, dental plaque, and poorer periodontal health. Counts of cariogenic bacteria in saliva were significantly higher for subjects with PD. They did not consume more sweets or sugar, did not brush less frequently, used dental floss more than controls, and visited the dentist at least as often. Salivary flow levels were comparable between subjects with PD and controls. The lack of muscular control may explain the poorer oral health of patients with PD. Dentists and patients with PD may be reluctant to embark on complex dental procedures, and this may explain the increased number of missing teeth in persons with PD in this study.

Objective: To estimate the time required for teeth to dehydrate and rehydrate and its relation to the accuracy of tooth shade selection.Materials and Methods: Thirty-two participants were recruited, and color measurements were conducted using a spectrophotometer placed with a custom jig. After isolation, baseline measurements were made at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 min intervals to determine dehydration time.After mouth rinsing, measurements were made to determine rehydration time. CIEDE2000 values were obtained for color change between the baseline recordings and all intervals and compared to the 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test was used for multiple comparisons.Result: The tooth color changes were beyond the ΔE 00 perceptibility threshold (0.8) within the first minute of dehydration (P > 0.0001). After the first minute, 87% of the teeth were beyond the ΔE 00 perceptibility threshold (0.8), and 72% of the teeth were beyond the ΔE 00 acceptability threshold (1.8). After 15 min of rehydration, 90% of the teeth were beyond the perceptibility threshold, and 65% were beyond the acceptability threshold.Conclusions: Shade selection procedures should be carried out within the first minute and before teeth dehydrate by means of isolation. Teeth do not rehydrate within 15 min after rehydration.Clinical Significance: Teeth dehydration has a negative impact on shade selection, which can affect the final esthetic outcome. Shade selection should be performed at the beginning of any restorative procedure.operative dentistry, prosthodontics, shade selection, teeth dehydration, teeth rehydration 1 | INTRODUCTION Shade selection for direct and indirect restorations is one of the most challenging components of esthetic dentistry. 1 Clark in 1931, the first to address the problem of color in dentistry, stated that "we as dentists are not educationally equipped to approach a color problem". 2 This statement applies to this day despite numerous advances in shade matching techniques in recent decades. Based on current prospective and retrospective clinical studies, 50% of cemented ceramic crowns exhibit incorrect color matches. [3][4][5][6] The CIELAB system is frequently used to measure color and color differences, which is based on the 1976 Commision Internationale de l´E clairage (CIE) L*a*b* color space. The three coordinates that determine color are L* coordinate represents lightness, while a* represents green-red, and b* represents blue-yellow coordinate. This system is the basis for transforming spectral energy data into meaningful color data. 6,7 Recently, the CIE published a new CIEDE2000 formula model which is extended to the CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) color-difference model with corrections for variation in color-difference perception dependent on Lightness, Chroma, Hue and Chroma-Hue interaction. Additionally, the CIE investigated the nonuniformity of the CIELAB space and developed this empirical correction to improve agreement between perceived visual color differenc...

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Patients with dry mouth are at increased risk for erosion and root caries. Oral moisturizing agents are often prescribed for patients with hyposalivation to be used as needed for symptomatic relief. This study shows that there is large variation in the pH values and erosive potential of commonly used oral moisturizing agents.

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