Phthalocyanines (Pc) are well-known light-harvesting compounds. However, despite the tremendous efforts on phthalocyanine synthesis, the achieved energy conversion efficiencies for Pc-based dyesensitized solar cells are moderate. To cast light on the factors reducing the conversion efficiency, we have undertaken a time-resolved spectroscopy study of the primary photoinduced reactions at a semiconductor-Pc interface. ZnO nanorods were chosen as a model semiconductor substrate with enhanced specific surface area. The use of a nanostructured oxide surface allows to extend the semiconductor-dye interface with a hole transporting layer (spiro-MeOTAD) in a controlled way, making the studied system closer to a solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell. Four zinc phthalocyanines are compared in this study. The compounds are equipped with bulky peripheral groups designed to reduce the self-aggregation of the Pcs. Almost no signs of aggregation can be observed from the absorption spectra of the Pcs assembled on a ZnO surface. Nevertheless, the time-resolved spectroscopy indicates that there are inter-Pc charge separation−recombination processes in the time frame of 1−100 ps. This may reduce the electron injection efficiency into the ZnO by more than 50%, pointing out to a remaining aggregation effect. Surprisingly, the electron injection time does not correlate with the length of the linker connecting the Pc to ZnO. A correlation between the electron injection time and the "bulkiness" of the peripheral groups was observed. This correlation is further discussed with the use of computational modeling of the Pc arrangements on the ZnO surface.
Electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion to hydrocarbon fuels, such as methane (CH4), offers a promising solution for the long-term and large-scale storage of renewable electricity. To enable this technology, CO2-to-CH4 conversion must achieve high selectivity and energy efficiency at high currents. Here, we report an electrochemical conversion system that features proton-bicarbonate-CO2 mass transport management coupled with an in-situ copper (Cu) activation strategy to achieve high CH4 selectivity at high currents. We find that open matrix Cu electrodes sustain sufficient local CO2 concentration by combining both dissolved CO2 and in-situ generated CO2 from the bicarbonate. In-situ Cu activation through alternating current operation renders and maintains the catalyst highly selective towards CH4. The combination of these strategies leads to CH4 Faradaic efficiencies of over 70% in a wide current density range (100 – 750 mA cm-2) that is stable for at least 12 h at a current density of 500 mA cm-2. The system also delivers a CH4 concentration of 23.5% in the gas product stream.
The spin Hamiltonian parameters of intrinsic defects in tin dioxide (SnO2) doped with fluorine or hydrogen are examined through the first-principles electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The electron paramagnetic resonance signals with g-tensor value in the range of 1.89–1.94 were found for tin vacancy (VSn) and its complex with oxygen vacancy (VSn-VO) associated with a donor like interstitial hydrogen or fluorine, substituting oxygen. The calculated parameters are consistent with experimental observations, which indicate that Sn vacancies may be present in SnO2 at essentially higher concentration than it is predicted by DFT based on the formation energies calculations. Within the second coordination shell of the tin vacancy, the VO may stabilize in the singly ionized charge state, which is otherwise considered to be unstable for isolated oxygen vacancy in the bulk of SnO2.
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