Changes in technological properties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain as influenced by amino acid fertilizers Rūta under the effect of amino acids. The amino acid fertilizers improved technological properties of grain. Having fertilized with 0.5-2.0% amino acid solutions, the protein content increased by 0.62-0.81 percentage points; having fertilized with 0.5-3.0% solutions the sedimentation values increased by 3-4 ml; and having fertilized with 0.5-1.0% amino acid solutions the wet gluten content increased by 1.1-1.7 percentage points. An increase in the falling number by 22 s occurred having fertilized with 1.0% amino acid solution. The study showed a statistically significant dependence of winter wheat grain yield (η = 0.93*), protein content (η = 0.70*) and sedimentation values (η = 0.98*) on the concentration of amino acids in liquid amide nitrogen fertilizers.
This study analysed the effects of weather conditions on the growth and yield of five cultivars of Actinidia arguta, also called hardy kiwifruit, kiwiberry cultivated during 2005-2014 in the Experimental Garden of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, north-eastern Poland. The following cultivars were studied: 'Figurnaja', 'Kijevskaja Gibrydnaja', 'Kijevskaja Krupnoplodnaja', 'Purpurovaja Sadovaja' and 'Sientiabrskaja'. For each cultivar, the following were determined: yielding and the beginning dates of the following phenophases: budswelling, flowering, fruit setting, fruit maturity and the plant growth stages. For the phenophases, the following values were calculated: mean daily temperature (°C), sum of effective temperatures (>5°C and >10°C) and sum of precipitation (mm). Individual phenophases of the analysed cultivars of hardy kiwifruit started in a given year almost on the same dates and demonstrated high year-on-year variety. The largest differences (in four weeks) between the extreme dates were recorded for the fruit maturity of the Actinidia arguta. The differences between the extreme dates of other phases averaged two weeks. Simulated data satisfying the assumptions of the assumed climate change scenarios (GISS model E) were used in order to obtain information about future climatic conditions in which kiwiberry could be cultivated in the region of north-eastern Poland. Using the weather generator WGENK, 300 probable variants of weather sequences were generated in annual periods, which made it possible to examine the probable diversity of future weather conditions. Comparative characteristics of climatic indicators determined on the basis of the data from the 2005-2014 years and the generated data demonstrated that the climatic conditions of the area of north-eastern Poland could be subject to significant change, particularly in thermal resources. Spring frosts, which in the future could be more intense and could emerge much later than now, continue to pose an element of risk related to Actinidia arguta cultivation.
Winter hardiness is one of the main traits affecting survival, productivity and cultivar choice for important horticultural plants in a temperate climatic zone. Given the complexity of the trait and the often fluctuating winter weather, extensive field testing over many years would be required to gain reliable results. Testing for cold tolerance under controlled conditions to grade genotypes has been used in several plant breeding programs to identify superior genotypes of different species. The aim of the present study was to investigate cold tolerance of microshoots of different genotypes of the genera Prunus and Fragaria after 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of cold acclimation, by measuring ion leakage and evaluating the critical temperature (CT50) after freezing in vitro. Genotypes of Rosacea family demonstrated distinct patterns of CT50 change during cold acclimation. Cold acclimation for 56 days decreased the CT50 value by 1.3-2.0°C for Prunus microshots and by 0.8-2.1°C for Fragaria microshoots in comparison to nonacclimated plants. The results of cold acclimation and freezing treatments of Rosacea family plants in vitro show that for maximal cold hardiness, acclimation for 56 days or longer is required. Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) cv. 'Orkolija', garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv. 'Melody', Virginia strawberry (F. virginiana) and musk strawberry (F. moschata) were the most winterhardy after 56 days' cold acclimation. The data obtained in the study can be used to improve breeding and cryopreservation technologies of Rosacea plants, and lay the foundation for identification of genes responsible for efficient cold acclimation and low temperature tolerance.
Investigations were carried out in 2013. A. kolomikta cv. ‘Laiba’, ‘Lankė’, ‘Landė’, ‘Paukštės Šakarva’ fruits were picked at the technical maturity stage. The amount of dry matter, soluble solids and texture parameters were established in fruits after harvesting and during storage. Fruits stored for 8 weeks in controlled atmosphere chambers with different air parameters (No. 1–21 % O2, No. 2–0.5 % O2, No. 3–1 % O2, No. 4–1 % O2 and 1 % CO2). Dry matter, soluble solids and texture analysis were done biweekly. The amount of dry matter was determined by drying the samples to the constant mass at the temperature of 105 ºC. Soluble solids content was determined by the refractometric method. Fruit texture parameters were analysed by Texture analyser. The results of chemical analysis at harvest time showed that the biggest amount of dry matter and the highest value of flesh firmness were in ‘Laiba’ fruits, soluble solids in ‘Landė’ fruits. The highest value of bio-yield point was established in ‘Paukštės Šakarva’ fruits. Results of analysis showed that dry matter content as well as soluble solids content of A. kolomikta fruits increases during storage in controlled atmosphere chambers. The highest increase in soluble solids content was in chamber No. 4 and the highest increase in dry matter content was in chamber No. 2 compared with fruits at harvest time. A. kolomikta fruits texture changes during fruit ripening with bio-yield point and flesh firmness declining. The largest decrease of bio-yield point and flesh firmness of fruits occurred in two weeks of storage.
Small plot experiments were conducted on an Endocalcaric Endohypogleyic Luvisol in Aleksandras Stulginskis University to determine the effect of different concentrations of amino acids on the dynamics of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in spring barley leaves and on grain productivity under the water deficit conditions. The following experimental design was used: factor A − different concentrations of amino acid solutions: the control (unsprayed), sprayed with water, sprayed with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.5 % with microelements and 2.0% amino acid solutions; factor B -time of fertilization with the amino acids: BBCH 21-23 and 26-29 growth stages. Topsoil moisture content decreased from 14.5% to 8.7% during the BBCH 21-49 stages and thus it was considered as water deficiency conditions. The amino acid solutions of different concentrations, used for spring barley fertilization under the water deficiency conditions during the BBCH 21-23 or 26-29 stages, significantly increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the plants during the BBCH 26-29 and 32-35 stages in comparison to the control plants that were not sprayed with water. In many cases, the water spray stimulated nitrogen uptake to the same extent as amino acids application. Having analysed the effect of spring barley fertilization with the amino acids, it was found that the content of nitrogen did not reach the optimal level in the leaves of plants. However, the content of phosphorus reached the minimal limit of the optimal content at the BBCH 26-29 stage. A significant yield increase (0.15-0.47 t ha -1 ) was obtained when the spring barley had been fertilized with the 1.0% concentration of amino acids solution during the BBCH 21-23 stage.
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