The article is devoted to the issues of technological development of the Northern sea route (NSR). The purpose of the study is to justify the need to create conditions for the technological development of the shipping line, which is a priority, large-scale and commercial project of Russia that provides economic growth of the Arctic regions and the Russian Federation itself. To make NSR the effective in near future, it is necessary to focus on the development of the Arctic icebreaker fleet, satellite communications, emergency rescue facilities, port fleet and digital technologies. As a result of research authors consider factors of technological development as elements of the driving force of the NSR project and an ecosystem of technological innovations that ensures the constant functioning of the shipping artery. The authors deem the following areas as key factors of the NSR’s technological development: 1. Formation of innovation-territorial clusters of enterprises focused on projects for the development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). 2. Creation of special economic zones (SEZ) of technical and innovative type in the administrative centers of the Arctic regions. 3. Stimulating demand for innovative technologies. 4. Building a system of effective international cooperation. 5. Tax incentives for business in the Russian Arctic. Main conclusions of the research. Technological innovations’ usage in development of the NSR will speed up the process of creating an effective and reliable engineering infrastructure, ensure the uninterrupted movement of ships, will give a powerful push and an extra boost to the sectors of Russian economy (shipbuilding, radio electronics, new materials, oil and gas equipment, etc.) and, as a result, it will create favorable conditions for public - private investment inflow in these industries and for the economy of Arctic regions.
The article is devoted to the questions concerning the formation of conditions for the implementation of innovative potential of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation. A comprehensive solution to the problems of development of the Arctic should be associated with the creation of reference zones of advanced development in the Arctic regions, in which a number of tasks need to be performed. It is necessary to determine the markets of scientific and technical products and technologies as priorities for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to develop innovative territorial clusters and to create favorable conditions for the development of innovative activities, both large companies and small businesses; to stimulate private investment in the economy of the Arctic regions; to create special economic zones in the Administrative centers of the regions.
Тhe problems of valuation of ecosystem services in connection with the activation of economic activity of the Russian Federation in the Arctic zone are discussed. The types of negative impacts on the Arctic ecosystems and their assessment, investment risks existing in ecosystem services are considered. It is shown that the application of the methodology and apparatus of ecosystem services contributes to the adequate assessment and creation of a hierarchical classification of "usefulness" and "benefits" that society can get from the existence, use and nonuse of ecosystems. The concept of ecosystem services in relation to Arctic consists of three components: identification, monetization and ecological risk assessment. The example of the Arctic ecosystems shows that the susceptibility to assessment and the accuracy of the assessment can be quite different and is largely dependent on the type of service in the classification. The analysis of possible ecosystem services and their relationship with the quality of life of people in the Russian Arctic indicates significant investment risks.
This article aims to formulate proposals for regulatory bodies whose implementation would ensure the effective introduction of civil circulation into electronic signatures, with minimal costs for economic entities. While electronic signatures have been widely discussed in academic literature, there are still gaps in the understanding of similarities and differences between electronic and handwritten signatures, the functional specifics of the relationship between them, and the role of electronic signatures for electronic contract. Our research has allowed us to overcome this gap adopting a functional symmetry approach based on measuring the distance between fuzzy sets and the Mamdani fuzzy inference algorithm. This made it possible to form an estimate of the degree of functional symmetry between different types of signatures in a fuzzy and exact form. Correspondingly, we argue that the signature can be viewed as a set of procedures rather than as a single act in order to achieve functional symmetry with a handwritten signature. The case of online lending was used to test and prove this hypothesis. Therefore, regulating electronic signatures needs to focus on the efficiency of this processes for ex ante identification, capturing the intent, ensuring the inalterability and providing reliable evidence, irrespective of the type of electronic signature that is used. It was also revealed that the proposed functional symmetry approach can be combined with a fuzziness index analysis to provide new prospects for further research.
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