In this paper, we investigate the effect of distributed flexibilities on the operation of the transmission grid. The flexibilities considered are heat pumps, electric vehicles, battery energy storage systems and flexible renewable generation. For this purpose, we develop a two-stage approach of first determining an optimal electricity market solution considering the optimal dispatch of each generation element and flexibility. In the second step we determine the required dispatch adjustments due to transmission grid constraints and investigate the effect of integrating battery energy storage systems into the adjustable generators to solve congestions. In our case study, we investigate the central European transmission grid for a scenario based on the Distributed Generation scenario of the Ten-Year Network Development Plan for the year 2030. Integrating distributed flexibilities leads to a strong increase in the security of supply, while the overall effect on the generation adjustment is small. A comparison of the results for an AC and DC formulation shows that both approaches differ significantly in individual cases.
The system integration of an increasing amount of electricity generation from decentralised renewable energy sources (RES-E) is a major challenge for the transition of the European power system. The feed-in profiles and the potential of RES-E vary along the geographical and temporal dimension and are also subject to technological choices and changes. To support power system planning in the context of RES-E expansion and allocation planning required for meeting RES-E targets, analyses are needed assessing where and which RES-E capacities are likely to be expanded. This requires models that are able to consider the power grid capacity and topology including their changes over time. We therefore developed a model that meets these requirements and considers the assignment of RES-E potentials to grid nodes as variable. This is a major advancement in comparison to existing approaches based on a fixed and pre-defined assignment of RES-E potentials to a node. While our model is generic and includes data for all of Europe, we demonstrate the model in the context of a case study in the Republic of Ireland. We find wind onshore to be the dominating RES-E technology from a cost-efficient perspective. Since spatial wind onshore potentials are highest in the West and North of the country, this leads to a high capacity concentration in these areas. Should policy makers wish to diversify the RES-E portfolio, we find that a diversification mainly based on bioenergy and wind offshore is achievable at a moderate cost increase. Including solar photovoltaics into the portfolio, particularly rooftop installations, however, leads to a significant cost increase but also to a more scattered capacity installation over the country.-2 -
We propose a parallel solver for linear systems of equations arising from the application of Primal Dual Interior Point methods to Dynamic Optimal Power Flow problems. Our solver is based on the Generalised Minimal Residual method in combination with an additive Schwarz domain decomposition method as preconditioner. This preconditioner exploits the structure of Dynamic Optimal Power Flow problems which, after linearization, is given as a matrix with large diagonal blocks and only a few off-diagonal elements. These elements correspond to intertemporal couplings due to ramping and energy storage constraints and are partially neglected in order to solve the problem in parallel. We test our method on a large-scale optimisation problem and show that a parallel speedup can be obtained.
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