The paper discusses the current status of work to extend the life of the International Space Station Russian Segment (ISS RS). The effort to monitor and maintain the ISS RS systems and modules in good working order forms the basis of the work aimed at station longevity and the safety of its crew. It describes measures taken to keep the ISS RS operational in a situation where some of the components have been taken out of production, and specified storage life for the spares, tools and accessories has expired. It reviews changes in the requirements for the operation of constituent components, systems and assemblies that were adopted to support extension of the ISS RS mission. It describes a procedure for detecting the sources of failures and malfunctions found in flight and resolving their causes, which makes it possible to take measures aimed at preventing propagation of faults and malfunctions within the shortest time possible while keeping the systems and assemblies of the ISS RS modules operational during repairs. It describes an approach to analysis of the causes of component failures, which makes it possible to classify them for the purposes of statistical analysis, on the basis of which one could evaluate failure dynamics in the course of the mission and use it for making a conclusion about the feasibility of extending flight tests of the ISS RS till 2024 and further. It provides data on dynamics of changes in the number of component failures in the course of the ISS RS mission, which show that this number does not grow. Key words: International Space Station, ISS RS, Russian Segment, operational integrity, operating life, failures.
The paper is devoted to assuring a failure-free operation of the Soyuz MS manned transport spacecraft and the safety of its crew and also to making an analysis of the validity of fault tolerance requirements specified for the spacecraft in the scope of its participation in the International Space Station (ISS) activities. The analysis of methods and the results of work to assure resistance to failures of the Soyuz spacecraft in the development and the subsequent modernization phases are presented. The concept of requirements for fault tolerance adopted in the design and development of the Soyuz MS spacecraft is stated, modifications made onboard the spacecraft to fulfill these requirements are described. Objectives of the ground development test and the plant check-out tests to present failures in the flight of spacecraft are reviewed. An approach to statistical analysis of comments and failures detected during the flight of the spacecraft is proposed; it allows to give an independent assessment of the efficiency of tests to prevent failures in flight. The results of statistical analyses of comments and failures recorded in flights of the Soyuz spacecraft to the ISS (a total of 55 spacecraft) are presented. Based on the results a conclusion about the validity and sufficiency of requirements for fault tolerance is made. Key words: manned transport spacecraft Soyuz, Soyuz MS, flight, modernization, modification, fault tolerance, reliability, safety, comment, failure, statistical analysis, International Space Station, ISS, design, development, ground development test, plant check-out tests.
The paper addresses reliability analysis of manned spacecraft with the use of statistical regularities in in-flight failures of their devices, units and assemblies. It formulates validity criteria for using a device failure in reliability analysis, proposes a method for analyzing and classifying failures which enables factoring in different types of failures in reliability analyses. It considers a hypothesis of the absence of statistically significant differences in probabilities of individual valid failures and demonstrates the feasibility of its adoption with the use of dispersion analysis. A method is developed for evaluating product reliability using a functional relationship between reliability and the number of failures occurring in flight which makes it possible to significantly simplify reliability analysis for complex products, to establish the number of in-flight failures that is acceptable from the standpoint of the product reliability requirements, to study various product architectures from the standpoint of reliability criteria. It proposes a method for evaluating the lower boundary for the probability of manned spacecraft completing their missions based on the failure modes, effects and criticality analysis, and demonstrates the feasibility of optimizing the product redundancy scheme based on the fault tolerance requirements. Key words: manned spacecraft, flight, failure, fault tolerance, classification of failures, reliability, probability of failure-free operation, statistical analysis, dispersion analysis.
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