In this study, bioactive compounds, oil, sugar, fatty acid, and mineral contents of grape wastes (pomace, skin, and seeds) obtained from wine, grape juice, and boilled grape juice production were investigated. Total phenol and tannin contents of grape by‐products varied between 31.2 mgGAE/g (molasses skin) and 98.97 mgGAE/g (wine seed); 96.93 mgTAE/g (grape juice pomace) and 138.67 mgTAE/g (molasses pomace), respectively. The highest (377.57 g/kg) and lowest (20.00 g/kg) total sugars were determined in molasses and wine skin wastes, respectively. Epicatechin contents of samples were found between 439.67 mg/kg (molasses skin) and 3,444.57 mg/kg (molasses seed). The lowest and highest linoleic acids were determined in molasses skin oil (40.00%) and grape juice skin oil (51.10%). α‐Tocopherol contents of wine by‐product oils changed between 3.35 mg/kg (seed) and 6.42 mg/kg (pomace). The lowest and highest P contents were determined in molasses skin (17,563 mg/kg) and wine seed (29,634 mg/kg), respectively. Practical applications The residue may represent from 13.5 to 14.5% at the total volume of grapes, and may reach 20%. The most abundant phenolic compound in wine pomace is anthocyanins concentrated in the skin, and flavonols present mostly in the grape seed (56–65% total flavonol). Grape is a phenol‐rich plant, and these phenolics are mainly distributed in the skin, stem, leaf, and seed of grape, rather than their juicy middle sections. Skins and seeds of grapes are produced in large quantities by the winemaking industry. These by‐products have become valuable raw materials due to their high content of polyphenols, tocols, and other macro‐ and micronutrients. Seed and skins of grape produced in large quantities by the wine making industry have become valuable raw materials for extraction of polyphenols.
Background: The increase in prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) is currently a serious threat, thus there is a need for new classes antimicrobial compounds to combat infections caused by these ARB. The growth inhibition ability of derivatives of the components of nucleic acids has been well-characterized but not for its antimicrobial characteristics. Aims: To evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activity profile of modified pyrimidine nucleosides derivatives. Methodology: Modified nucleosides arabinofuranosylcytosine (cytarabine, ara-C), [1-(2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)]uracil (TTU), and nucleotides cytarabine-5′-monophosphate (ara-CMP), and O2,2′-cyclocytidine-5′-monophosphate (cyclocytidine monophosphate, cyclo-CMP) were synthetized and subsequentially checked for antibacterial activity. Bacterial cells characteristics were assessed by antiproliferative and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. Results: It was found that modified nucleosides ara-C, and TTU, and nucleotides ara-CMP, and cyclo-CMP were able to inhibit Escherichia coli, Sarcina lutea, Bacillus cereus, and Proteus mirabilis strains in a time and dose dependent manner via killing kinetics assay. Gram-negative (E. coli and P. mirabilis) bacteria stains were more sensitive to the exposure of TTU and cyclo-CMP and less sensitive to the exposure of ara-C and ara-CMP compared to gram-positive ones. The most effective cells growth inhibitor for gram-positive strains (S. lutea, B. cereus) was ara-CMP with ED50 = 5.2•10-5 M and 3.1•10-4 M, respectively. Sarcina lutea appeared to be the most sensitive bacteria strain to the exposure of all studied compounds. It was demonstrated that studied modified pyrimidine nucleosides derivatives enhanced the production of intracellular ROS over time (validated via DCFA-DA probe assay). Conclusion: This study has revealed the mechanism of action of cytarabine, cyclocytidine monophosphate, and TTU as an antimicrobial agent for the first time, and has shown that these pyrimidine derivatives enhanced might be able to combat infections caused by Escherichia coli, Sarcina lutea, Bacillus cereus, and Proteus mirabilis in the future.
The results of comparative brucellosis diagnostic studies of blood sera from cattle at farms with different epizootic situations, performed in 2021 in the laboratory of the Caspian Zonal Research Veterinary Institute – a branch of the Dagestan Agriculture Science Centre, are presented in the paper. The diagnostic efficiency of the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) was studied in comparison with enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), agglutination test (RA), complement fixation test (CFR), rose-bengal test (RBP) and immunodiffusion reaction with O-PS antigen (RID with O-PS antigen). The specificity of these serological tests was confirmed by the negative results of studies of 40 samples of blood serum of non-vaccinated against brucellosis animals at a brucellosis-safe farm. The sensitivity of the tested diagnostic tools was determined using 46 blood serum samples from cows immunized with the B. abortus 82 vaccine at a brucellosis-prone farm. According to the results obtained, in particular, according to a significant percentage of animals positively reacting to brucellosis in RID with O-PS antigen and high titers of RNHA, RA and RSK, it can be stated that the infection in the herd proceeds in an acute form. Thus, positive results were obtained in RNGA in the study of 18 (39.1%), ELISA (LLC NPF “Sibbiotest”) – 29 (63 %), in RSK – 18 (39.1 %), in RA – 15 (32.6 %), RBP – 15 (32.6 %) and RID with O-PS antigen – 7 (15.2 %) blood serum samples. The conducted studies have shown that RNHA is one of the most sensitive tests, which makes it possible to detect a high percentage of animals with brucellosis at a brucellosis-prone farm (39.1% of those studied) in the early stages after infection and surpasses the results of most other serological methods. The results of comparative serological studies of blood serum samples of cattle in RNHA, IEA, RSK, RA, RBP and RID with O-PS confirmed the specificity of the tests and the high sensitivity of RNHA with brucellosis erythrocyte antigen.
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