Rice (Oryza sativa), the staple food of more than half of the population of the world, is an important target to provide food security and livelihoods for millions. Direct seeding of rice (DSR) refers to the process of establishing the crop from seeds sown in the field rather than by transplanting seedling from the nursery. Before the advent of Green revolution and adoption of irrigation, rainfed rice was often broadcasted into moist soil and yields were low, variable and highly prone to weed competition. Weed spectrum and degree of infestation in rice field are often determined by rice ecosystems and establishment methods. Research evidences at different places has shown around 20-100% losses due to weeds such as Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa spp., Cyanotis spp., Commelina sp., Digitaria spp. and Alternanthera sp in DSR. Integrated weed management approach based on the critical period of crop weed competition, involving different direct and indirect control measures, has been developed and widely adopted by farmers to overcome weed problem in DSR in a sustainable way. Stale seed bed combined with herbicide (paraquat/glyphosate) and zero till results in better control. About 53% lower density was recorded due to stale seed bed. Brown manuring of Sesbania reduces weed population by 50%. Mulches, crop rotation and rice cultivars like 'Narender 359' and 'Sarjoo 52' were found better for Indo-Gangetic plains. Application of penoxsulam 25 g/ha as broad-spectrum, azimsulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl for Cyperus spp., pendimethalin at 1.25 kg/ha for Echinochloa spp. were found suitable for chemical weed management.Weed-competitive and allelopathic rice varieties, seed priming for increased weed competitiveness, higher seeding density should be considered as a management strategy.
With the exponential growth of documents available to us on the web, the requirement for an effective technique to retrieve the most relevant document matching a given search query has become critical. The field of Information Retrieval deals with the problem of document similarity to retrieve desired information from a large amount of data. Various models and similarity measures have been proposed to determine the extent of similarity between two objects. The objective of this paper is to summarize the entire process, looking into some of the most well-known algorithms and approaches to match a query text against a set of indexed documents.
ABSTRACT:Phytobezoars are an unusual cause of small bowel obstruction (SBO). We report 14 patients presenting with episodes of small bowel obstruction from phytobezoars. 14 patients were admitted with SBO due to diospyrobezoar. 21.4% patients were females and majority belonged to rural areas. Majority were admitted to the hospital in November and December, when the fruit is highly consumed. Ileum was the commonest site for the location for phytobezoars (50%) followed by jejunum (28.6%). All patients underwent surgery including manual fragmentation and milking into cecum in 50% patients, enterotomy in 21.4% patients, resection anastomosis in 14.3% patients and resection with exteriorization of gut in 14.3% patients. Phytobezoars including diospyrobezoar should be considered as a rare but important cause of small bowel obstruction in children and in adults with known risk factors hailing from rural areas. Surgical treatment with manual fragmentation and milking of bezoar into cecum is effective in most cases.
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