For many decades, researchers and vendors are continually developing and designing sensors and wireless network devices for countless applications. These low power wireless sensor network devices have designed to gather and propagate data for applications such as environment, industry, habitat, patient monitoring, and many more to excel humankind— however, these devices also inherent many challenges and drawbacks due to the default hardware design. Subsequently, to mitigate limitations and enhance the capability, authors and researchers have investigated and conferred that minor optimization in modeling or routing techniques gradually elevates the performance of WSN. One of the primary concerns which remain on top of the Domain for discussion is energy conservation in WSN devices. Our primary goal is to analyze and design a cluster-based routing protocol for WSN, An efficient way to elevate the network performance. Finally, the emanate results showcase that the performance of the proposed protocol is much more optimized and favorable when combined with soft-computing tactics when compared to the conventional paradigm.
Vehicular network is the real time network formed by the highly dynamic nodes. This environment of VANET along with the fixed geographical mapping of roads slows down the delivery of the message in case of unicast and broadcast. When unicast is applied then the latency increases significantly as hop count increases. While broadcast make use of the network resources which degrades the performance by decreasing the efficiency of the network. However, multicast is proposed as the parameter to enhance the performance by introducing multicasting trees. This strategy is applied for maintaining the vehicular nodes in a multicast tree manner which will provide single path between two vehicles in the tree. Further, in case of the link failures, tree partitions and reconfiguration is needed this induces to have very low latency and reduces packet overhead. Various location based routing protocols are discussed which reveals different aspects and applications of variety of routing protocols relying on the location information.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) specifies the connection of physical items that, for the purpose of sharing data and of interacting with other devices or systems through the Internet, include software, sensors, and other technologies. IoT equipment shares the sensor data it gathers with an IoT gateway or another peripheral device in which data are either referred to the cloud for local analysis. The combination of IoT and BlockChain opens the door for new possible experiences that reduce inefficiencies, enhance safety and expand the vision of all involved parties while enabling safe machine-to-machine transactions. Coupling these technologies makes it possible to trace a physical asset from the time, for instance, the mining of raw materials and between every stage of the supply chain to the end customer Internet of Things (IoT) connects the devices, objects through the internet using wireless technology. The proposed hybrid BlockChain solution offers several sorts of characteristics, including improved and more effective failure tolerance, improved system dependability, scalability and cheaper operating expenses.
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