Background Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder resulting from deficiency of thyroid hormone, with iodine deficiency remains the foremost cause. It is more common in women with increasing incidence in the elderly. The manifestations of hypothyroidism results from the hypometabolism in the body at cellular level and affects all organs. Although there can be an incidental diagnosis of the disorder, the presentation with cardiac signs and symptoms is rare. We report a case of primary hypothyroidism with dysmorphic features manifesting as massive pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade at presentation. Case summary A female aged 20 years presented with lethargy, constipation, and dyspnoea of 6 months duration. On examination, she was short-statured and had dysmorphic features with hypotension, raised jugular venous pressure (JVP), muffled heart sounds, and thyroid stimulating hormone >100 uIU/mL. Chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly and 2DEcho confirmed cardiac tamponade for which emergency pericardiocentesis was done. Discussion Cardiovascular manifestations in hypothyroidism are dyspnoea and decreased exercise tolerance. Bradycardia, diastolic hypertension, cardiomegaly, and non-pitting or pitting peripheral oedema may be seen on physical examination. Mild pericardial effusion is common and generally asymptomatic. Massive pericardial effusion being manifested at presentation primarily as a sign of hypothyroidism is rare. A few cases have been mentioned in the literature in India and western population. Rarely, hypothyroidism presents with massive pericardial effusion resulting in cardiac tamponade as in our case.
Cardiac malignancies presenting in the infancy are rare. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), a high-grade malignant tumor is one among them. The most common sites of occurrence of primary PNET are the peripheral nervous system, bone, and deep soft tissues. It is extremely rare in the pericardium. To the best of our knowledge, only three patients with primary PNET of the pericardium have been reported so far in the literature. We report a case of primary PNET of the pericardium in a 11-months-old female child, who was referred to our hospital with complaints of dyspnea and difficulty in feeding of 5 days duration. At presentation, she had massive pericardial effusion with tamponade and an echogenic intrapericardial mass. An emergency pericardiocentesis was done to relieve the tamponade. After stabilization, the Computer tomography (CT) imaging of the chest revealed a soft tissue mass with non-enhancing cystic areas in the pericardium with features suggestive of PNET. After two days, the child had a cardiac arrest and succumbed to death.
Background Coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP), also called as syndrome Y is characterized by the delayed passage of contrast distally when injected into the epicardial coronaries. It accounts for upto 7% of patients undergoing coronary angiogram (CAG) for angina. Conventionally, it is determined by the coronary filling time. We aimed to determine whether coronary emptying time is a significant predictor of the coronary slow flow. Purpose To determine the coronary artery filling time and emptying time at prespecified vascular landmarks in patients with chest pain and normal epicardial coronaries. To determine the association of coronary arterial filling time and emptying time in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon. To determine the association of various conventional coronary artery disease risk factors and various clinical parameters in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon. Methods Patients with angina, having normal epicardial coronaries on CAG were selected consecutively between January 2019 and December 2020. Each angiogram was assessed for the coronary filling and emptying times at prespecified standard vascular landmarks on the basis of TIMI frame counts (TFC). Results A total of 37 patients with normal epicardial coronaries were analyzed, out of which 27 patients had slow flow in LAD and 17 patients had slow flow in RCA (10 had normal flow in LAD and 12 had normal flow in RCA). Eight had non dominant RCA, which were too small for analyzing TFC were excluded from the study. We observed positive correlation of coronary filling times and emptying times, both in LAD (R-Sq 0.24) and RCA (R-Sq 0.05) in slow flow patients unlike those with normal flow. We found the filling times and emptying times are significantly prolonged in slow flow patients [with mean CTFC values of 77.94 & 92.85 in LAD and 36.91 & 120.82 in RCA, respectively (P<0.05)]. The capillary and venous transit time is prolonged both in LAD and RCA slow flow groups, which was of statistical significance in the RCA slow flow group (P<0.05), but not in LAD slow flow group (P=0.43). We observed slow flow significantly more in male population (P=0.02) and associated with high LDL/HDL ratios and high triglycerides. Conclusion 1. In addition to coronary artery filling times, Coronary artery emptying time is an independent and significant predictor of coronary slow flow phenomenon. 2. Capillary and venous transit time is significantly prolonged in patients with slow flow in RCA whereas in patients with LAD slow flow there is non significant prolongation of capillary and venous transit time. 3. There is a positive correlation of coronary emptying time with coronary filling time in Coronary Slow Flow. This correlation is not seen in patients with normal coronary flow. 4. Coronary slow flow is observed significantly more in male population. 5. Coronary slow flow is significantly associated with high LDL/HDL ratios and triglyceride levels. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Study designAngiographic landmarks for LAD and RCA – Pictorial representation
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