A side population (SP) has been identified in a number of tissues, where it typically represents a small population enriched in stem/progenitor cells. In this study we show that the adult mouse anterior pituitary (AP) also contains a characteristic SP displaying verapamil-sensitive Hoechst dye efflux capacity. A majority of the SP cells express stem cell antigen 1 at a high level (Sca1high). Using (semi)quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, we characterized the Sca1high SP as a population enriched in cells expressing stem/progenitor cell-associated factors and components of the Notch, Wnt, and sonic hedgehog signaling pathways, functional in stem cell homeostasis as well as in early pituitary embryogenesis. Lhx4, a transcription factor pivotal for early embryonic development of the AP, was only detected in the Sca1high SP, whereas Lhx3, in contrast to Lhx4 not down-regulated after AP development, was only found in the main population. The Sca1high SP was depleted from cells expressing phenotypic markers of differentiated AP cells (hormones), but contained a small proportion of folliculo-stellate cells. Stem cells of many tissues can clonally expand to nonadherent spheres in culture. Clonal spheres also developed in AP cell cultures. Spheres showed an expression pattern resembling that of Sca1high SP cells. Moreover, the sphere-initiating cells of the pituitary segregated to the SP and not to the main population. In conclusion, we show that the adult pituitary contains a hitherto undescribed population of cells with SP phenotype and clonal expansion capacity. These cells express (signaling) molecules generally found in stem/progenitor cells and/or operative during pituitary early embryonic development. These characteristics are supportive of a stem/progenitor cell phenotype.

RationaleHematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) are responsible for maintaining the blood system as a result of their self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacity. Recently, studies have suggested that HDL cholesterol may inhibit and impaired cholesterol efflux may increase HSPC proliferation and differentiation.ObjectivesWe hypothesized that LDL may enhance HSPC proliferation and differentiation while HDL might have the opposing effect which might influence the size of the pool of inflammatory cells.Methods and ResultsHSPC number and function were studied in hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor knockout (LDLr−/−) mice on high fat diet. Hypercholesterolemia was associated with increased frequency of HSPC, monocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood (PB). In addition, an increased proportion of BM HSPC was in G2M of the cell cycle, and the percentage of HSPC and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMP) increased in BM of LDLr−/− mice. When BM Lin-Sca-1+cKit+ (i.e. “LSK”) cells were cultured in the presence of LDL in vitro we also found enhanced differentiation towards monocytes and granulocytes. Furthermore, LDL promoted lineage negative (Lin−) cells motility. The modulation by LDL on HSPC differentiation into granulocytes and motility was inhibited by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. By contrast, when mice were infused with human apoA-I (the major apolipoprotein of HDL) or reconstituted HDL (rHDL), the frequency and proliferation of HSPC was reduced in BM in vivo. HDL also reversed the LDL-induced monocyte and granulocyte differentiation in vitro.ConclusionOur data suggest that LDL and HDL have opposing effects on HSPC proliferation and differentiation. It will be of interest to determine if breakdown of HSPC homeostasis by hypercholesterolemia contributes to inflammation and atherosclerosis progression.

Recently, we discovered in the adult anterior pituitary a subset of cells with side population (SP) phenotype, enriched for expression of stem/progenitor cell-associated factors like Sca1, and of Notch1 and Hes (hairy and enhancer of split) 1, components of the classically developmental Notch pathway. In the present study, we elaborated the expression of the Notch signaling system in the postnatal pituitary, and examined its functional significance within the SP compartment. Using RT-PCR, we detected in the anterior pituitary of adult mouse the expression of all four vertebrate Notch receptors, as well as of Hes1, 5, and 6, key downstream targets and effectors of Notch. All Notch receptors, Hes1 and Hes5 were measured at higher mRNA levels in the Sca1(high) SP than in the main population (MP) of differentiated hormonal cells. In contrast, Hes6, known as an inhibitor of Hes1, was more abundant in the MP. Cells with SP phenotype, enriched for Sca1(high) expression, were detected throughout postnatal life. Their proportion was higher in immature mice, but did not change from adult (8 wk old) to much older age (1 yr old). Notch pathway expression was higher in the Sca1(high) SP than in the MP at all postnatal ages analyzed. Functional implication of Notch signaling in the SP was investigated in reaggregate cultures of adult mouse anterior pituitary cells. Treatment with the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT down-regulated Notch activity and reduced the proportion of SP cells. Activation of Notch signaling with the conserved DSL motif of Notch ligands, or with a soluble ligand, caused a rise in SP cell number, at least in part due to a proliferative effect. The SP also expanded in proportion when aggregates were treated with leukemia-inhibitory factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor, again at least partly accounted for by a mitogenic action. These intrapituitary growth factors all activated Notch signaling, and DAPT abrogated the expansion of the SP by basic fibroblast growth factor and leukemia-inhibitory factor, thus exposing a possible cross talk. In conclusion, we show that the Notch pathway, typically situated in embryogenesis, is also present and active in the postnatal pituitary, that it is particularly expressed within the SP independent of age, and that it plays a role in the regulation of SP abundance. Whether our data indicate that Notch regulates renewal and fate decisions of putative stem/progenitor cells within the pituitary SP as found in other tissues, remains open for further exploration.

Excessive intramedullary apoptosis is central in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Growth-inhibiting cytokines, the Fas/FasLigand pathway, and autoreactive cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have been identified to be important proapoptotic factors in MDS. In normal hematopoiesis, a4b1 and a5b1 integrin-mediated interactions between progenitors and fibronectin are critical for progenitor cell survival. In this study, we have used flow cytometry to quantify the expression levels of members of the b1 integrin family on CD34 þ marrow progenitors in 27 untreated patients with MDS, three with s-AML, and 25 control subjects. In MDS, we observed that nonapoptotic progenitors significantly downregulate cell surface expression levels of a4 and b1 integrin chains compared with healthy controls. Downregulation of a4, b1, and also a5 was present in MDS patients with Z25% apoptotic progenitors, irrespective of their French, American, British subcategory. Reduced cell surface expression levels of a4, a5, and b1 did also correlate with decreased in vitro adhesiveness to fibronectin fragments. Therefore, our observations suggest that downregulation of a4b1 and a5b1 integrins on CD34 þ progenitors could be a newly identified proapoptotic mechanism in MDS.