The objective of the present study was to control the release of freely water soluble Tramadol hydrochloride over a prolonged period of time by embedding the drug into novel wax matrix system. The matrix granules were prepared by melt granulation technique. The need for the administration two to four times a day when larger dose are required can decrease patient compliance. Sustained release formulation that would maintain plasma levels for 24 hrs for once daily dosing of Tramadol hydrochloride was prepared. The compatibility of the drug and wax examined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). The effect of wax concentration (5 to 35%) and channeling agents (Avicel PH-101 and Di-calcium phosphate) on the in vitro drug release at 24 hrs. was studied. Results of DSC confirmed drug-wax compatibility. Increasing the wax concentration resulted in a significant retardation of drug release. The drug release study revealed that the optimized formulation (F6) 30% novel wax sustained drug release for 24hrs. At the same wax concentration, drug release from tablets decreased with Di-calcium phosphate and increased with Avicel PH 101. Kinetic modeling of in vitro dissolution profiles revealed the drug release mechanism ranges from diffusion controlled or Fickian transport to anomalous type or non-Fickian transport. A hydrophobic matrix system is thus useful technique for prolonging the drug release of freely water soluble drugs such as Tramadol hydrochloride
Groundwater qualities of coastal aquifers in the Netravati and Gurapura catchment of Dakshina Kannada district Karnataka have been extensively monitored in post-monsoon seasons in 2021 and Pre-Monsoon 2022 to assess their suitability for domestic and drinking uses in four regions. Thirty-two groundwater samples were analysed for various physicochemical parameters such as GWL, pH, Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Temperature, Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Chloride (Cl), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Sulphate (SO4) and Carbonate and Bicarbonate. Most of these parameters fall under the permissible limits of BIS and WHO standards. Using hydrochemistry and the GIS method, the current study aims to evaluate the quality of groundwater (well water samples) in the Netravati river basin. The quality of the groundwater, indicates that coastal aquifers have gained prominence over the past ten years as a result of the using global demand for groundwater. According to the findings of the study, groundwater depletion and the rising seawater level are the primary factors that contribute to the saline condition of coastal wells during the pre-monsoon period. The study demonstrates that groundwater levels have been trending downward for some time. Seawater intrusion appears to be the main problem in the study area's coastal region, according to the study. The water quality index (WQI) results show that the quality of well water samples during the pre-monsoon session is much worse than during the post-monsoon session due to fresh rainwater during the post-monsoon session raises the groundwater level and increases the water's physical and chemical parameters. Based on the recommendations of the Hortons water quality index, groundwater quality is divided into four categories: excellent water quality (90-100), good water quality (71-90), poor water quality (51-70), and bad water quality (31-51).
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