Today, environmental degradation is the utmost problem leading to the extinction of several living organisms on the earth. Environmental degradation can be seen in the form of lost living forms due to disturbances in the earth's ecosystem. The recent developments in human civilization are the major reason for the degradation of the environment and its quality. This edited book is the compliance of selected reports destined to provide information regarding causes, effects and mitigation strategies of environmental degradation.The compliance of this book is helpful for academicians, researchers, students, as well as other people seeking the relevant material in current trends of studies on the topic of environmental degradation. The book starts with an introductory chapter providing background information on the topic covering the necessity of the mitigation measures to be taken in order to ensure the conservation of our mother earth. The second chapter discussed the role of disasters leading to the degradation of environmental composition. The role of pesticides in the degradation of agricultural quality is discussed in the third chapter. Special attention is given to the degradation of river systems with reference to exhausting its resources. The book compliance includes many chapters focusing on environmental degradation by wastewater disposal practices. Certain mitigative measures are provided focusing on sustainable utilization of wastewater for agricultural and horticultural applications. The second half of the book includes sustainable utilization of various solid wastes such as spent mushroom compost, flower wastes, wood wastes, non-conventional plant residues, etc. which may cause deterioration of our environment. The last section of the book provides information regarding the impacts of environmental degradation on biodiversity as well as human economics including agriculture.Lastly, the editors are thankful to the contributors who submitted their precious findings and views related to the book theme and to make it succeeded. We hope that this book will help the readers in its best to provide them the relevant information.
Crop residue burning (CRB) poses a serious threat to the climate, soil fertility, human health and wellbeing, and air quality, which increases mortality rates and slumps agricultural productivity. This study conducts a pan-India analysis of CRB burning based on the spatial characteristic of crop residue management practices and analyzes the linkage among health, agriculture value addition, and regional finance using the simultaneous equation to find the causality and panel quantile regression for direct effect and intergroup difference. We discuss some of the alternative crop residue management practices and policy interventions. Along with in situ management, this paper discusses ex situ crop residue management (CRM) solutions. The ex situ effort to manage crop residue failed due to the scarcity of the supply chain ecosystem. Force of habit and time constrain coupled with risk aversion have made farmers reluctant to adopt these solutions. Our results show that financial viability and crop residue have bidirectional causality; therefore, both the central and state governments must provide a financial solution to lure farmers into adopting residue management practices. Our analysis shows that framers are likely to adopt the management solution (farmers have some economic benefits) and are reluctant to adopt the scientific solution because the scientific solution, such as “pusa decomposer”, is constrained by the weather, temperature, and humidity, and these parameters vary throughout India.
In the present paper we attempted to explain the relationships among the landuse pattern, levels of air pollutants and bird diversity based on data from 5 sampling sites in Delhi. Five landuse categories- percent built up area, tree cover, park area and barren area were recognized in the study area. The objective of this study is to find out the effects of landuse changes on air pollution and bird diversity and whether birds can serve as indicator of landuse changes and air pollutants. The levels of six air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NOX, SO2, Ozone and Benzene) from the monitoring stations were used. The bird diversity was assessed using conventional measures. All the sites showed remarkable differences with respect to each of the five landuse categories, air pollution levels, and bird diversity. The results suggest that landuse changes influence air pollution and bird diversity and some bird species can be used as indicator of landuse change and air pollution.
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