The performance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based bacterial biosensors is often compromised as a result of diffusion-limited mass transport of bacteria to the sensing surface. In this work, dually functional interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) were developed to sustain SPR and increase bacterial mass transport through external application of dielectrophoresis (DEP). IDEs were defined into 50 nm Au films with fixed electrode gaps (E G = 5 μm) and varied electrode widths (E W = 10, 20, and 100 μm), referred to as interdigitated SPR (iSPR) chips. The iSPR chips with E W = 100 μm effectively supported SPR, with comparable sensitivity to those of conventional SPR chips. The surfaces of iSPR chips (E W = 100 μm) were modified with mannose to target the FimH adhesin of Escherichia coli and increase cellular adhesion. An LOD of ∼3.0 × 102 CFU/mL E. coli was achieved on mannosylated iSPR chips under positive-DEP conditions, which is about a 5 order of magnitude improvement compared with those of mannosylated conventional SPR chips without DEP. Furthermore, secondary antibody amplification enabled selective enhancement of dilute (103 CFU/mL) E. coli suspensions, whereas no amplification was observed for concentrated (108 CFU/mL) nontarget (Staphylococcus epidermidis) bacterial suspensions. The results presented here indicate the great potential of the incorporation of DEP into SPR biosensors for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of bacteria with broad applications in areas of biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and homeland security.
There has been an excessive increase in industrial wastewater due to all the industrial and commercial activities. Purification of industrial wastewater involves all the various techniques and processes used to treat wastewater and bring down the concentration of the pollutants to a permissible limit. In this paper, the various methods used for removal of those contaminants are reviewed. The contaminants that are dealt with in this paper are Pyridine, Chromium and Chromate ions, Phenols along with Phenoxides and Chlorophenols, Titrium and Arsenic. Pyridine removal can be done by adsorption at high area C-cloth electrodes using in-situ optical spectrometry and advanced oxidation processes. Phenols and its derivatives can be removed by using the process-adsorption and electrosorption which are felt at C-felt electrodes and also by adsorption of phenol using cereal by-products. Chromium removal can be done by Solvent Extraction or by using solid olive waste to adsorb chromate ions. Arsenic is removed by adsorption and precipitation. The various separation procedures aim towards complete or partial removal of the pollutants and are discussed in detail in the paper. Conclusions are drawn and the most economical and efficient method was listed over.
Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by three different reducing agents: Sodium borohydride, Tannic Acid and Ascorbic acid to study the synthesis efficiency. They were characterized using different parameters and protocols like UV spectroscopy, DLS, SEM. Further, it was studied that it could be patterned on DNA and the aggregates could be used in bioassay, pathogen detection and drug delivery.
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