Endometriosis is one of the most prominent gynecological disorders often associated with several cardiovascular repercussions. Although no conclusive mechanism has been found, previous literature indicates potential links between endometriosis and atherosclerosis, a vital indicator of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, with the majority of previous studies overlooking the impact of critical confounding variables and testing for only certain biomarkers, a strong argument towards a link cannot be made. Existing literature was thoroughly analyzed to identify major confounding variables that were unaccounted for to compile a list of vital biomarkers indicative of CVD in women with endometriosis. The stage and severity of the disease, surgery, hormone therapy, and presence of endometriosis in the control group were found to be major confounding variables that should be statistically accounted for. From previous literature, biomarkers that were shown to be highly indicative of CVD included lipid profile, arterial stiffness measures, as well as additional measures of vascular function and structure. Encapsulating vital confounding variables and biomarkers, a comprehensive framework was established for a longitudinal study design. This paper provides a narrative review of the common weaknesses and limitations of past investigations exploring the link between endometriosis and CVD and suggests methods to overcome these considerations. Although existing literature has significantly contributed to the surface-level understanding of the link between endometriosis and CVD, knowledge gaps persist. As a result, repercussions are experienced by women with endometriosis worldwide. To ensure better healthcare for women with endometriosis, greater CVD intervention and prevention is critical. Through the holistic longitudinal study design proposed, improved treatment plans considering the potential CVD risks that women with endometriosis are at a greater likelihood of developing can be implemented.
Introduction: Neonatal growth is dependent on the ability of the mother’s placenta to deliver nutrients. As such, placental health is an important aspect of obstetric care. Existing literature has suggested an association between fetal sex and placental growth and development; however, no centralized study has been conducted. This paper aims to conduct a narrative review that summarizes findings from published literature on the effects of fetal sex on the growth and development of the placenta through three facets: placental function, structure, and outcome. Methods: Databases including Medline, Embase, and EMCare in Ovid, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched using keywords for the concepts of fetal sex and placenta. These were searched in combination with keywords relevant to placental function, placental structure, and pregnancy outcomes, using Boolean operators “OR/AND/NOT” as necessary. Studies written in English and published in peer reviewed journals were considered, with an emphasis on those published between 2017-2021. Results: Sexual dimorphism is evident in the fetal responses to stressful maternal environmental conditions, onset by conditions such as asthma and obesity. Sex-specific differences have also been observed in complications of pregnancy, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia, preterm delivery, stillbirth, and insufficient uteroplacental circulation. Discussion: Despite the placentas from male and female births being categorized together in previous literature, this review highlights the sexually dimorphic nature of the ephemeral organ. Knowledge of fetal sex as early as possible during the pregnancy will help clinicians take proactive measures to optimize the health of the mother and the fetus. Conclusion: This study provides a holistic review of the effects of placental development among the fetal sexes, a critical aspect to monitor for effective obstetric care. Hence, further research into the sexually dimorphic nature is warranted.
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection is thought to be implicated in an increased risk for various neurodegenerative diseases given its role in neuroinflammation. As a result, cognitive assistive technologies to monitor the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in those with prior COVID-19 infection and the regular implementation of practices designed to promote synaptic plasticity may decrease the risk of dementia in susceptible populations. It is hypothesized that incorporating frequent use of a mobile application designed to improve memory five times per week in the daily routines of patients aged 65+ who have survived a COVID-19 infection may decrease the prevalence of subsequent dementia. Methods: The goal of this application would be to (i) deliver interventions related to long-term potentiation, and (ii) centralizing patient health data in a singular domain to improve ease of access for caregivers and medical staff. This may be investigated through a two-pronged randomized controlled trial aimed to compare neural and cognitive functioning through repeat neuropsychological exams, magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalogram tests over a 6-year timeframe between no-intervention and intervention groups while collecting caregiver and healthcare worker data regarding its efficacy in improving quality of life. Results: It is expected that patients consistently using cognitive assistive technologies in long-term care facilities will experience lower incidence of cognitive decline compared to the control group due to improved maintenance of mental health and the learning of new skills. In addition, with the use of technology, patients may experience increased autonomy and independence, improving their quality of life while simultaneously providing relief to their families and caregivers. Discussion: Some further considerations may include the degree of technological proficiency of the patients during the development process to ensure that patients reap the maximum benefits. Factors including rapid development and testing, funding, and strong technology support systems must be taken into consideration to ensure a seamless transition to increased reliance on technology in post-COVID-19 patients with dementia. Conclusion: Strong evidence indicates technology-based interventions can be used to by dementia patients and their caretakers overcome physical and environmental challenges normally and during future pandemic waves.
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