BackgroundThe complex cigarette tax system in Indonesia has created the opportunity for cigarette producers to avoid tax, which results in affordable cigarette prices. In addition to increasing cigarette tax every year, the government has adopted several policies to increase cigarette prices, such as reducing the number of tiers and applying cigarette tax based on the combined production of affiliated companies (ie, firms with a minimum 10% ownership of another cigarette company, sharing the same boards of commissioners or using input from other tobacco companies, in which a firm has at least 10% ownership).ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of cigarette tax, affiliated company rules and changes in the number of tiers on cigarette prices produced in Indonesia.MethodUsing brand level data from 2005 to 2017, we model cigarette prices as a function of cigarette tax, affiliated company rules, number of tiers, cigarette types and cigarette tax system using random effect and fixed effect estimations.FindingWe find that a percentage increase in cigarette tax increases cigarette prices by less than 1% for all cigarette types. The implementation of affiliated company rules is effective in increasing cigarette prices for both affiliated and non-affiliated firms. We also find that a fewer number of tiers are associated with a higher cigarette price. Our results suggest that a reduction in the number of tiers will increase the effectiveness of a specific tax system in making cigarettes less affordable.
Oil exploration has been subject to economic research for decades. Earlier studies of exploration models are mostly discussed the behavior of exploration at the macro-level analysis such as field, firm, region, and continental. This paper then focuses on the geological and economic factors that determine the well-drilling decision at the micro-level using disaggregated panel data of 32 geological basins in Indonesia over the period of 2004–2013. This study shows that the number of drilled wells is determined significantly by the lag of success rate, lag of discovery size, lag of global oil price, and regional location of geological basin. AbstrakEksplorasi migas telah menjadi subyek ekonomi dalam beberapa dekade. Studi-studi sebelumnya dengan model eksplorasi, kebanyakan mengembangkan model Fisher (1964), secara umum dikelompokkan oleh persamaan yang menjelaskan respons eksplorasi pada tingkat makro menggunakan lapangan, perusahaan, wilayah, dan kontinental. Paper ini fokus pada analisis faktor-faktor geologi dan ekonomi yang menentukan tingkat sumur pemboran pada tingkat mikro menggunakan data panel dari 32 basin di Indonesia dalam periode 2004–2013. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa tingkat sumur pemboran ditentukan secara signifikan berdasarkan tingkat keberhasilan pemboran, ukuran temuan dan harga minyak pada tahun sebelumnya serta lokasi basin geologis.Kata kunci: Pengeboran; Variabel Geologi; Variabel Ekonomi; EksplorasiJEL classifications: L71; Q35
This study is motivated by the trend of corruption cases which increase from year to year, where bribery is the first number in corruption cases. As many as 128 cases of bribery with in kracht status occurred in the local government that received an unqualified opinion from the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (BPK RI). Using the Zero Inflated Poisson (ZIP) Panel Regression, this study examines the correlation between financial statement opinion and the number of bribery corruption cases based on 258 bribery cases that have been handled by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in the period 2008-2017. The estimation result shows that there was no correlation between financial statement opinion and the number of bribery cases. However, the increase in the amount of capital expenditure also goods and services expenditure is related to the increase in the number of bribery cases. This study recommends BPK to consider improving the quality of fraud detection through audit procedures on financial statements, especially in regions that have a relatively high value of capital expenditure and service goods expenditure.
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