20Goal-directed aiming movements are planned and executed so that they optimize speed, 21 accuracy and energy expenditure. In particular, the primary submovements involved in manual provided advance information about stylus mass for the upcoming trial while others were not.
38The blocked and random trial orders had minimal impacts on end point aiming performance. 39 Furthermore, similarities in the times to key kinematic landmarks in the trajectories of the 40 random order groups suggests that recent trial experience had a greater effect on the upcoming 41 aiming movement compared to advance task knowledge.
Performers adopt strategies to use visual information if they know that it will be available whereas uncertainty about its availability leads performers to prepare for the worst-case scenario. Since the impact of prior knowledge has generally been examined as performance-based changes across a series of trials, this study investigates the impact of prior knowledge on learning. Participants practiced target-directed aiming movements either with cues about the random availability of vision, no cues regarding vision or in blocks of stable visual information availability. Participants who received prior knowledge were more efficient in preparing their acquisition movements when vision was available. In retention and transfer, all participants were able to take advantage of the visual information available in order to optimize performance outcome. Thus, adult performers appear able to change their strategic behavior quickly to accommodate new sensory and prior knowledge conditions.
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