Ultrasound provides clinical utility for assessing the trajectory of change in peripheral skeletal muscle architecture during critical illness, supplementing more detailed characterization, albeit rarely used, from muscle biopsy analysis. Adoption of standardized operating protocols for measurement will facilitate future meta-analysis of data.

New Findings r What is the central question of this study?The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between neural respiratory drive (NRD) measured as the electromyogram of the diaphragm (EMGdi%max) and parasternal intercostal muscles (sEMGpara%max) during two different ventilatory loading strategies, namely acute hypercapnia and inspiratory threshold loading. We hypothesized that, although agonist in nature, there would be a preferential increase in NRD to the diaphragm over the parasternal intercostal muscles during the two different loading conditions, given their different mechanical advantages and relative contributions to ventilation. r What is the main finding and its importance?The sEMGpara%max provides a non-invasive alternative to EMGdi%max recorded using an invasive oesophageal electrode catheter for the quantification of NRD. The EMGdi%max was, however, consistently greater than sEMGpara%max during both loading protocols, demonstrating that these two measures of NRD are not interchangeable.Understanding the effects of respiratory load on neural respiratory drive and respiratory pattern are key to understanding the regulation of load compensation in respiratory disease. The aim of the study was to examine and compare the recruitment pattern of the diaphragm and parasternal intercostal muscles when the respiratory system was loaded using two methods. Twelve subjects performed incremental inspiratory threshold loading up to 50% of their maximal inspiratory pressure, and 10 subjects underwent incremental, steady-state hypercapnia to a maximal inspired CO 2 of 5%. The diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMGdi) was measured using a multipair oesophageal catheter, and the parasternal intercostal muscle EMG (sEMGpara) was recorded from bipolar surface electrodes positioned in the second intercostal space. The EMGdi and sEMGpara were analysed over the last minute of each increment of both protocols, normalized using the peak EMG recorded during maximal respiratory manoeuvres and expressed as EMG%max. The EMGdi%max and sEMGpara%max increased in parallel during the two loading methods, although EMGdi%max was consistently greater than sEMGpara%max in both conditions, inspiratory threshold loading [bias (

Introduction: Neural respiratory drive, quantified by the parasternal intercostal

In moderately prematurely born children, RV and RSV LRTIs in infancy were not associated with higher respiratory healthcare costs after infancy. Children who experienced LRTIs caused by other respiratory viruses (including RV) had higher respiratory healthcare costs and greater pulmonary function impairment.

Muscle weakness was evident at ICU admission. No additional decrements were observed 7 days later despite significant reductions in muscle size. These data suggest that not all ICU weakness is truly "acquired" and questions our understanding of muscle function during critical illness. Muscle Nerve 57: 964-972, 2018.