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A phosphatase-overproducing Citrobacter sp. (NCIMB 40259) was grown in an air-lift reactor in steady-state continuous culture under limitation of carbon, phosphorus or nitrogen. Substantial biofilm formation, and the highest phosphatase activity, were observed under lactose limitation. However, the total amount of biofilm wet biomass and the phosphatase specific activity were reduced in phosphorus-or nitrogen-limited cultures or when glucose was substituted for lactose as the limiting carbon source. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed differences in cell and biofilm morphology in relation to medium composition. Electron microscopy suggested that the differences in biofilm formation may relate to differential expression of fimbriae on the cell surface.

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1. Spinal cord ischemia evoked a biphasic increase in CSF-Glu during 20 min of ischemia (40%) and at 2 hr after reperfusion (70%) in the nontreated group that was attenuated by all treated groups. But MK-801 (15 micrograms i.t.) did not affect the increased Glu at 2 hr (80%). 2. The argyrophilia observed in laminae II-V at 8 hr after reperfusion was attenuated by hypothermia (33 degrees C) and combination with MK-801, but the attenuation was less with MK-801. 3. Mild hypothermia attenuated the biphasic increase in CSF-Glu and corresponding development of neuronal damage after spinal cord ischemia. 4. Mild hypothermia with NMDA antagonism did not yield any further effects, suggesting that hypothermia itself plays a pivotal role in the protection.