The tropics contain the overwhelming majority of Earth's biodiversity: their terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems hold more than three-quarters of all species, including almost all shallow-water corals and over 90% of terrestrial birds. However, tropical ecosystems are also subject to pervasive and interacting stressors, such as deforestation, overfishing and climate change, and they are set within a socio-economic context that includes growing pressure from an increasingly globalized world, larger and more affluent tropical populations, and weak governance and response capacities. Concerted local, national and international actions are urgently required to prevent a collapse of tropical biodiversity.

Fishery statistics and length data series for Colossoma macropomum Cuvier obtained during 1992 and 1993 in the Lower Amazon, Brazil were used to describe the fishery and to estimate growth and mortality rates. Mean population parameters were L∞ = 119.85 cm (total length), W∞ = 33.4 kg, K = 0.228 year–1, C = 0.505, Winter Point = July, M = 0.445 year–1, F = 0.94 year–1 and Lc = 28.29 cm. Yield‐per‐recruit analysis showed that an excessive fishing effort and principally a very low length at first capture lead to an increase in overfishing in the region. Corrective measures are recommended.

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RESUMO -O presente artigo apresenta resultados sobre o consumo de pescado e outros alimentos pela população ribeirinha do Lago Grande de Monte Alegre, no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados mensalmente, por um período de dois anos juntos a 35 famílias de 17 comunidades, que praticam a pesca com fins comerciais e de subsistência, bem como as famílias que nào pescam. O consumo médio de pescado foi de 369 g/capita/dia, complementado com 6,lg/capita/dia de farinha de peixe (piracuí). As espécies mais consumidas foram: curimatá (Prochilodus nigricans) e acarí-bodó (Liposarcus partialis). Em média, as famílias tiveram alguma refeição constituída de pescado em 6 dias de cada semana. Extrapolando para toda a população do Lago, o consumo diário de pescado é pouco mais de 3 t, chegando a 1.114 t/ano. Palavras-chave:Baixo Amazonas, consumo de pescado, lago de várzea, pesca de subsistência, piracuí. Fish consumption and others food itens by the riverine population of the Lago Grande deMonte Alegre, PA -Brazil.ABSTRACT -The present study shows the results on the fish consumption and other food itens by the riparian population from Monte Alegre Lake, Lower Amazon, in Pará State, Brazil. The data were colected monthly during two years jointly with 35 families from 17 fishery communities that practice the fishery with a subsistence or commercial goal, as well as families that not fish. The mean fish consumption was of 369 g/capita/day complemented with 6.1 g/capita/ day of fish flouer, called locally "piracuí". The species preferred were curimatá (Prochilodus nigricans) and acarí-bodó (Liposarcus pardalis). Manioc flouer consumption was higher than in other regions. Families consume fish each 6 days a week. Extrapoling for all population of Lago Grande de Monte Alegre, the fish consumption is more than 3 t/day and about 1,114 t/year.

The Amazon basin hosts the Earth's highest diversity of freshwater fish. Fish species have adapted to the basin's size and seasonal dynamics by displaying a broad range of migratory behaviour, but they are under increasing threats; however, no study to date has assessed threats and conservation of Amazonian migratory fishes. Here, the available knowledge on the diversity of migratory behaviour in Amazonian fishes is synthesized, including the geographical scales at which they occur, their drivers and timing, and life stage at which they are performed. Migratory fishes are integral components of Amazonian society. They contribute about 93% (range 77–99%) of the fisheries landings in the basin, amounting to ~US$436 million annually. These valuable fish populations are mainly threatened by growing trends of overexploitation, deforestation, climate change, and hydroelectric dam development. Most Amazonian migratory fish have key ecological roles as apex predators, ecological engineers, or seed‐dispersal species. Reducing their population sizes could induce cascading effects with implications for ecosystem stability and associated services. Conserving Amazonian migratory fishes requires a broad portfolio of research, management, and conservation actions, within an ecosystem‐based management framework at the basin scale. This would require trans‐frontier coordination and recognition of the crucial importance of freshwater ecosystems and their connectivity. Existing areas where fishing is allowed could be coupled with a chain of freshwater protected areas. Management of commercial and subsistence species also needs fisheries activities to be monitored in the Amazonian cities and in the floodplain communities to allow assessments of the status of target species, and the identification of management units or stocks. Ensuring that existing and future fisheries management rules are effective implies the voluntary participation of fishers, which can be achieved by increasing the effectiveness and coverage of adaptive community‐based management schemes.

Seasonally fluctuating water levels, known as ‘flood pulses’, control the productivity of large river fisheries, but the extent and mechanisms through which flood pulses affect fishery yields are poorly understood. To quantify and better understand flood pulse effects on fishery yields, this study applied regression techniques to a hydrological and fishery record (years 1993–2004) for 42 species of the Amazon River floodplains. Models based on indices of fishing effort, high waters and low waters explained most of the interannual variability in yields (R2=0.8). The results indicated that high and low waters in any given year affected fishery yields two and three years later through changes in fish biomass available for harvesting, contributing 18% of the explained variability in yields. Fishing effort appeared to amplify high and low water effects by changing in direct proportion to changes in fish biomass available for harvesting, contributing 62% of the explained variability in yields. Although high waters are generally expected to have greater relative influence on fishery yields than low waters, high and low waters exerted equal forcing on these Amazonian river-floodplain fishery yields. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of river-floodplain fisheries in relation to interannual variability in flood pulses.

Macrobrachium amazonicum is the most frequently consumed freshwater crustacean by river communities of the Amazon. Despite its relative abundance and vast knowledge on the species from data on cultivated specimens, little is known regarding its biology in the natural environment, especially its use of creeks that are strongly influenced by the tide. Specimens of Macrobrachium amazonicum were collected in September 2006 (dry season) and March 2007 (rainy season) from two perennial creeks of the Guajará Bay in the state of Pará (northern Brazil), using traps similar to the matapis used by local fishermen to identify the spatial distribution of the species. Shrimps of all sizes use the tidal creeks in both seasons, including for breeding purposes. The greatest abundance of the species occurred in headwater areas and in the dry season. It is suggested that abundant allochthonous organic matter and the preference for protected areas may explain the abundance and breeding activity of this species in the headwaters of the creeks.Keywords: creek, Macrobrachium, Amazon River prawn, estuary.Distribuição espacial do camarão-da-amazônia -Macrobrachium Amazonicum (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda, Caridea, Palaemonidae) em dois canais perenes de um estuário da costa norte do Brasil (Baía do Guajará -Belém, Pará, Brasil) ResumoMacrobrachium amazonicum é o crustáceo dulcícola mais frequentemente consumido pelas populações ribeirinhas da Amazônia. Entretanto, apesar de sua relativa abundância e vasto conhecimento da espécie a partir de dados de cultivo, pouco se conhece sobre sua biologia no ambiente natural, especialmente quanto à forma de utilização de canais fortemente influenciados pelas marés. Amostras desse camarão foram coletadas em setembro/06 (período seco) e março/07 (período chuvoso), em dois canais perenes da Baía do Guajará, Pará, utilizando armadilhas (matapis) como as utilizadas pelos pescadores locais para identificar a distribuição espacial dos organismos. Os canais de maré são utilizados por camarões de todos os tamanhos nas duas estações do ano, inclusive para a reprodução. A maior abundância de indivíduos da espécie foi encontrada no período seco, nas áreas a montante dos canais . Postula-se que a abundante matéria orgânica alóctone e a busca de locais protegidos podem ser os fatores que explicam a concentração da abundância e da atividade reprodutiva nas áreas a montante dos canais.Palavra-chave: canais de maré, Macrobrachium, camarão-da-amazônia, estuário.

RESUMO -Dados sobre esforço e captura por espécie correspondentes à produção pesqueira desembarcada no porto de Santarém, no ano de 1993, foram submetidos a duas técnicas de análise multivariada: uma análise de fatores segundo o método de componentes principais e outra de covariância conforme o modelo linear geral (GLM). Os resultados indicam que a atividade pesqueira na região está influenciada pelas características dos ciclos de vida das espécies-alvo, pelo ciclo hidrológico e condição climáticas de sistema, e ainda pelas preferências culturais e interesses econômicos do mercado consumidor. Os resultados indicam o direcionamento da atividade pesqueira para determinados grupos de espécies, e as diferentes variáveis incluídas no modelo permitiram uma explicação aproximada dos padrões desse direcionamento. Esses padrões são: (a) pesca de grandes bagres, alvo de pesca para a exportação (FATOR 1); (b) pesca de entre-safra do mapará (Hypophthalmus spp.) e da pescada (Plagioscion spp.), realizada nos lagos com um componente para exportação e outro para o consumo local (FATOR4); (c) pesca de peixes de escamas de hábitos sedentários e/ou migratórios, alvo da pesca comercial de pequena escala e de importância no mercado local (FATOR2, FATOR3 e FATOR5), que inclui pescarias importantes como a do tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e do pirarucu(Arapaima gigas) nos lagos, ou a do jaraqui (Semaprochilodus spp.) e pacu (Mylossoma spp. e Metynnis spp.) nos rios.Palavras-chave: pesca artesanal, Baixo Amazonas, dinâmica da pesca. Artisanal Fishery in the Lower Amazon: Multivariate Analysis of the Catch by Species.ABSTRACT -Effort and catch data per species making up for fisheries yield landed in 1993 in the city of Santarém were submitted to two techniques of multivaliate analysis: a factor analysis by the principal components method and a covariance one using the general lineal model (GLM). Results suggest fishing activities in the region is influenced by the life cycle peculiarities of target species, by the water cycle and the weather conditions in the system, as well as by the cultural biases and economic interests of the consumer market. The results revealed the directioning of fishery activities toward certain groups of species, and those patterns were identified: (a) the fishing of large catfishes for export (FACTOR1); (b) the between-seasons fishing of mapará (Hypophthalmus spp.) and pescada (Plagioscion spp.) in lakes, with local and for export components (FACTOR4); (c) the fishing of sedentary and/or migratory scaled fishes, targeted by small-scale commercial fisheries with local importance (FACTOR2; FACTOR3 and FACTORS), which includes important catches such as tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) in the lakes, or jaraqui (Semaprochilodus spp.) and pacu (Mylossoma spp. and Metynnis spp.) in rivers. Key-words: local fisheries, Lower Amazon, fisheries pattern INTRODUÇÃOA pesca artesanal na Amazônia brasileira é de vital importância para o fornecimento de alimento à população local e como fonte de ...