Human‐directed aggression is a common problem that can often result in rehoming or relinquishing the cat as well as injuries and infections for the human. Functional analyses (FAs) have been used to determine the cause of problem behavior by human and nonhuman animals, and treatments developed based on FA results have been proven effective. This study applied this methodology to assess and treat human‐directed aggression exhibited by 3 cats during petting. Results suggested that aggression during petting for all 3 cats was maintained by social‐negative reinforcement (escape from petting), and differential reinforcement of other behavior plus within‐session stimulus fading (escape contingent on the absence of aggression following a specified number of pets that systematically increased as aggression remained low) was effective in decreasing aggression for all 3 cats. All 3 cats were available for adoption through a rescue organization during the study, and all of the cats were adopted after completing treatment.
Individuals who engage in aggression often display precursors or agitated behavior first, and it is important for caregivers to learn how to minimize risk of injury in the event that aggression were to occur. In this study, behavioral skills training was used to teach 4 caregivers of children who engage in aggression to position their body safely and prevent access to dangerous items during agitated states. Confederates were used during all baseline, training, and posttraining sessions to maintain consistency and the safety of the caregivers. All caregivers quickly learned to use these safety skills during agitated periods but not during calm periods with minimal between-session feedback regarding correct responding.
Biochemical SocietyTransactions ( 1 995) 23 605s NADH oxidoreductase activity in human and mouse cells treated with free radical generating agents.We live in an environment in which we are constantly affected by chemicals and radiation. In order to survive in such an environment we have had to develop cellular protection systems which nullify the potentially lethal effects of these agents. As aerobic organisms we also have to face the potential toxicity molecular oxygen poses in order to benefit from its advantages. This toxicity is due to intermediates of oxygen reduction known as reactive oxygen species; the most important of which are superoxide radicals, hydroxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide[ 11. These reagents, together with the associated chain reactions they initiate, have been implicated as a factor in several diseases including motor neurone diseases and cancer [2,3,4]. We have
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