Although advocacy both for clients and for the profession is essential for the future of counseling and counselors, advocacy for the profession has received little systematic attention. A national plan for advocacy is needed, the effectiveness of which depends on achieving consensus concerning professional identity, promoting a positive public image, establishing effective intraprofessional and interprofessional collaboration, and obtaining the participation of each counselor in advocacy activities. Specific professional advocacy skills and techniques are described.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between supervisors' and supervisees' self‐reported ability to make healthy adult attachments in relationships, social provisions, and the perceptions of the supervisory working alliance. Data from 67 supervisee‐supervisor dyads indicated that supervisees' social provisions and ability to make healthy adult attachments did not predict supervisees' or supervisors' perceptions of the working alliance at a statistically significant level, but the supervisors' ability to make adult attachments was predictive of both the supervisees' and supervisors' perceptions of the supervisory working alliance. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
The comparative abundance of orchard pest leafroller larvae was determined on eight host plants in the vicinity of pipfruit orchards. The greatest numbers occurred in Canterbury, followed by Nelson, Hawke's Bay, and Central Otago. In Hawke's Bay, leafroller larvae were Ctenopseustis H9800Q obliquana (41%), Planotortrix octo (15%), Epiphyas postvittana (16%), and Cnephasia jactatana (9%), and were most abundant on poplar, willow, and alder. In Nelson, leafrollers were E. postvittana (25%), Planotortrix excessana (23%), C. obliquana (23%), and C. herana (22%), found on willow, alder, clover, poplar, gorse, broom, dock, and plantain. In Canterbury, larvae were C. herana (51%), E. postvittana (34%), and P. octo (15%), mainly on broom, gorse, alder, poplar, dock, and clover. Leafrollers were very rare on host plants sampled in Central Otago, despite their pest status in horticulture. A total of 1460 larvae were reared to adults from the four regions, with 31% parasitism, of which two thirds were Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Braconidae). Parasitism varied significantly between leafroller larval host plants. Removal of leafroller host plants through mowing, pruning, careful shelter selection or other means could usefully reduce the leafroller pest density, and risk of incidence on crops.
The first single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps for watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai] were constructed and compared. Three populations were developed from crosses between two elite cultivars, Klondike Black Seeded × New Hampshire Midget (KBS × NHM), an elite cultivar and wild egusi accession, Strain II × PI 560023 (SII × Egusi) and an elite cultivar and a wild citron accession, ZWRM50 × PI 244019 (ZWRM × Citroides). The SII × Egusi and ZWRM × Citroides F(2) populations consisted of 187 and 182 individuals respectively while the KBS × NHM recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisted of 164 lines. The length of the genetic maps were 1,438, 1,514 and 1,144 cM with average marker distances of 3.8, 4.2, and 3.4 cM for the KBS × NHM, SII × Egusi and ZWRM × Citroides populations, respectively. Shared markers were used to align the three maps so that the linkage groups (LGs) represented the 11 chromosomes of the species. Marker segregation distortion were observed in all three populations, but was highest (12.7 %) in the ZWRM × Citroides population, where Citroides alleles were favored. The three maps were used to construct a consensus map containing 378 SNP markers with an average distance of 5.1 cM between markers. Phenotypic data was collected for fruit weight (FWT), fruit length (FL), fruit width (FWD), fruit shape index (FSI), rind thickness (RTH) and Brix (BRX) and analyzed for quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with these traits. A total of 40 QTL were identified in the three populations, including major QTL for fruit size and shape that were stable across genetic backgrounds and environments. The present study reports the first SNP maps for Citrullus and the first map constructed using two elite parents. We also report the first stable QTL associated with fruit size and shape in Citrullus lanatus. These maps, QTL and SNPs should be useful for the watermelon community and represent a significant step towards the potential use of molecular tools in watermelon breeding.
The purpose of this project was to investigate how the goal of becoming a teacher emerges. The study used interviews to develop goal histories for 8 preservice teachers. There tended to be 4 sources of influence for their goal to become a teacher: (a) family influences, (b) teacher influences, (c) peer influences, and (d) teaching experiences. The categories developed from the interviews to describe the types of influences those sources provided were (a) suggesting that the person become a teacher, (b) encouraging the person to become a teacher, (c) modeling teaching behavior, (d) exposing the person to teaching experiences, and (e) discouraging the person from becoming a teacher. In addition, influences such as critical incidents, emotions, and social-historical factors, such as the status and pay of teachers, were prominent in the goal histories of the participants. Finally, the results of the study are discussed within the context of goals and self-directed behavior.
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